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Mid-Nickel",103.5,99.73,3.78,13.78,6.78,[518,519,520,522,524,526,528,530,532,534,536,538],{"date":213,"value":512},{"date":216,"value":513},{"date":219,"value":521},99.19,{"date":222,"value":523},96.02,{"date":225,"value":525},98.23,{"date":467,"value":527},99.24,{"date":329,"value":529},101.29,{"date":339,"value":531},87.61,{"date":341,"value":533},92.44,{"date":344,"value":535},90.96,{"date":347,"value":537},92.24,{"date":350,"value":539},95.09,{"id":541,"uuid":542,"name":543,"slug":544,"full_slug":545,"content":546,"relatedArticles":673,"relatedVideos":674},112473854036993,"b922219e-37ca-4d26-8420-c2065bf49a13","5G technology to expand lithium ion’s battery empire","5g-technology-to-expand-lithium-ions-battery-empire","article/5g-technology-to-expand-lithium-ions-battery-empire",{"_uid":547,"date":548,"tags":549,"editor":553,"content":563,"excerpt":654,"featured":50,"reporter":655,"_editable":659,"component":660,"seo_title":543,"categories":661,"visibility":665,"author_company":49,"featured_image":666,"seo_description":654,"author_full_name":49,"author_job_title":49,"formattedDate":671,"formattedArticleDate":672},"0a6da758-b18a-4033-8d5a-1151cabc96f1","2020-09-03 00:00",[550],{"slug":551,"name":552},"china","China",[554],{"slug":555,"name":556,"content":557},"didi-bostock","Didi Bostock",{"job_title":558,"image":559,"bio":561,"linkedin":562},"Editor - Energy Transition & Economics",{"filename":560},"https://a.storyblok.com/f/287943243085208/512x512/2c5ca5c1a3/didi-bostock.jpeg","Didi is the Energy Transition & Economics Editor at Benchmark, covering a broad range of markets across the energy transition. His remit spans from downstream sectors such as BESS and EVs, through to midstream such as new technologies and battery production, to upstream critical minerals mining. He also leads on financial analysis across these supply chains, alongside in-depth policy analysis.\n","https://www.linkedin.com/in/didi-bostock-656342198/",{"type":564,"content":565},"doc",[566,573,578,583,588,593,598,603,614,619,624,639,644,649],{"type":567,"attrs":568,"content":569},"paragraph",{"textAlign":49},[570],{"text":571,"type":572},"As the global transition to 5G technology gathers pace, growth in non-EV markets has significant potential to expand across two fronts: portables and energy storage systems (ESS).","text",{"type":567,"attrs":574,"content":575},{"textAlign":49},[576],{"text":577,"type":572},"China in particular, which is leading the way in 5G developments, has demonstrated significant growth in not just portable device battery requirements but also the associated infrastructure which is turning to lithium ion solutions for stationary storage needs.",{"type":567,"attrs":579,"content":580},{"textAlign":49},[581],{"text":582,"type":572},"As a result, Benchmark expects a two-fold uptick in demand for lithium ion battery cells off the back off global 5G adoption: increased mobile phone battery capacity requirements, and lithium ion installations in 5G base stations.",{"type":567,"attrs":584,"content":585},{"textAlign":49},[586],{"text":587,"type":572},"While there are currently a limited number of mobile models capable of using 5G technology available on the market, Benchmark’s analysis shows that among major manufacturers (Apple, Samsung, Google, Motorola and Huawei) the battery capacity of 5G handsets is 21% greater than 4G models. This also reflects the growing demands from consumers for improved battery life in mobile phones regardless of the 5G transition.",{"type":567,"attrs":589,"content":590},{"textAlign":49},[591],{"text":592,"type":572},"The greatest beneficiary of an increase in energy density in mobile phone batteries – and thus raw material requirements – would be LCO (lithium cobalt oxide) cathode technology. LCO is the preferred cathode of choice in the portable electronic market – with Benchmark’s Lithium Forecast showing LCO accounting for 72% of the portable electronic market in 2020.",{"type":567,"attrs":594,"content":595},{"textAlign":49},[596],{"text":597,"type":572},"The stability, density and available of LCO cathodes has made this the primary cathode of choice for mobile phones. However, due to the higher intensity of cobalt used in LCO cells, there is an increased cost-risk associated with the technology.",{"type":567,"attrs":599,"content":600},{"textAlign":49},[601],{"text":602,"type":572},"While lithium ion demand growth rates from portable electronics have gradually slowed since the mid-2000s, these products will remain a fundamental niche in the market and Benchmark forecasts this market to grow by 4.7% per annum for the next 10 years. The apparent greater energy requirements of 5G – combined with consumer expectations of improved battery life – will help to sustain growth in battery demand from the mobile phone market going forward.",{"type":604,"attrs":605,"content":607},"heading",{"level":606,"textAlign":49},4,[608,610,612],{"text":609,"type":572},"A second",{"text":611,"type":572}," stream",{"text":613,"type":572}," of 5G battery needs",{"type":567,"attrs":615,"content":616},{"textAlign":49},[617],{"text":618,"type":572},"Another interesting aspect of how the 5G transition is contributing to growing lithium ion demand is the surge in the use of ESS in China in 2020. The power required to operate a 5G base station is significantly greater than that of previous generations and is stretching China’s power grid — according to data from Huawei a 5G base tower consumes 70% more power than a base tower servicing a mixture of 2G/3G/4G radios.",{"type":567,"attrs":620,"content":621},{"textAlign":49},[622],{"text":623,"type":572},"With increased pressure on China’s grid, which is relatively immature and unstable, many of these base stations are being deployed with ESS. Previously much of China’s base stations used lead acid batteries in their ESS, but in the latest infrastructure buildout mobile operators are replacing these with more energy dense lithium ion batteries, which also offer a longer cycle life and lower maintenance requirements.",{"type":567,"attrs":625,"content":626},{"textAlign":49},[627,629,637],{"text":628,"type":572},"The major cathode of choice in these systems is ",{"text":630,"type":572,"marks":631},"lithium iron phosphate (LFP)",[632],{"type":633,"attrs":634},"link",{"href":635,"uuid":49,"anchor":49,"target":49,"linktype":636},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/lfps-resurgence-illustrates-the-nuances-of-the-electric-vehicle-supply-chain","url",{"text":638,"type":572},", which has seen a resurgence in production in 2020, with 5G demand a key contributing factor.",{"type":567,"attrs":640,"content":641},{"textAlign":49},[642],{"text":643,"type":572},"The telecommunications base station market has grown rapidly through 2020 following infrastructure investment in 5G driven by the Chinese government. The first half of the year has already seen a massive buildout of base stations – according to data from its Ministry of Information Technology (MIIT) the country built 257,000 new 5G base stations in H1 2020.",{"type":567,"attrs":645,"content":646},{"textAlign":49},[647],{"text":648,"type":572},"As other countries look to develop their own 5G infrastructure, China’s approach of installing storage systems at base stations could also be adopted by other countries with questionable power grids.",{"type":567,"attrs":650,"content":651},{"textAlign":49},[652],{"text":653,"type":572},"The ESS sector is often overshadowed by electric vehicles, which tend to receive more headlines because of the scale of the industry, but the demand for lithium ion stationary storage is accelerating at a much faster rate than many might expect. Demand growth rates for ESS have already overtaken EV growth rates, albeit starting from much a lower base, and Benchmark forecasts stationary storage demand to grow by 35% per annum through the 2020s.","As the global transition to 5G technology gathers pace, growth in non-EV markets has significant potential to expand across two fronts: portables and energy storage systems (ESS). China in particular, which is leading the way in 5G developments, has demonstrated significant growth in not just portable device battery requirements but also the associated infrastructure which […]",[656],{"slug":555,"name":556,"content":657},{"job_title":558,"image":658,"bio":561,"linkedin":562},{"filename":560},"\u003C!--#storyblok#{\"name\": \"article\", \"space\": \"\", \"uid\": \"0a6da758-b18a-4033-8d5a-1151cabc96f1\", \"id\": \"\"}-->","article",[662],{"slug":663,"name":664},"batteries","Batteries","private",{"id":49,"alt":667,"name":667,"focus":667,"title":667,"source":667,"filename":668,"copyright":667,"fieldtype":669,"meta_data":670,"is_external_url":51},"","https://a.storyblok.com/f/287943243085208/85b1cda76c/bm-huawei-5g.jpg","asset",{"alt":667,"title":667,"source":667,"copyright":667},"Sep 03, 2020","3rd September 2020",[],[],1780670088661]