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Mid-Nickel",103.5,99.73,3.78,13.78,6.78,[518,519,520,522,524,526,528,530,532,534,536,538],{"date":213,"value":512},{"date":216,"value":513},{"date":219,"value":521},99.19,{"date":222,"value":523},96.02,{"date":225,"value":525},98.23,{"date":467,"value":527},99.24,{"date":329,"value":529},101.29,{"date":339,"value":531},87.61,{"date":341,"value":533},92.44,{"date":344,"value":535},90.96,{"date":347,"value":537},92.24,{"date":350,"value":539},95.09,{"id":541,"uuid":542,"name":543,"slug":544,"full_slug":545,"content":546,"relatedArticles":752,"relatedVideos":753},112472753651087,"784eb5da-73b0-4fea-8123-6f4fbb044fc9","Analysis: Lithium industry needs $42 billion to meet 2030 demand","analysis-lithium-industry-needs-42-billion-to-meet-2030-demand","article/analysis-lithium-industry-needs-42-billion-to-meet-2030-demand",{"_uid":547,"date":548,"tags":549,"editor":550,"content":560,"excerpt":731,"featured":51,"reporter":732,"_editable":736,"component":737,"seo_title":543,"categories":738,"visibility":744,"author_company":49,"featured_image":745,"seo_description":731,"author_full_name":49,"author_job_title":49,"formattedDate":750,"formattedArticleDate":751},"373936ed-2aaa-4082-a85e-27f0b69a0404","2022-05-13 00:00",[],[551],{"slug":552,"name":553,"content":554},"didi-bostock","Didi Bostock",{"job_title":555,"image":556,"bio":558,"linkedin":559},"Editor - Energy Transition & Economics",{"filename":557},"https://a.storyblok.com/f/287943243085208/512x512/2c5ca5c1a3/didi-bostock.jpeg","Didi is the Energy Transition & Economics Editor at Benchmark, covering a broad range of markets across the energy transition. His remit spans from downstream sectors such as BESS and EVs, through to midstream such as new technologies and battery production, to upstream critical minerals mining. He also leads on financial analysis across these supply chains, alongside in-depth policy analysis.\n","https://www.linkedin.com/in/didi-bostock-656342198/",{"type":561,"content":562},"doc",[563,570,577,586,593,598,603,618,631,636,641,654,667,672,689,694,699,706,711,716,721,726],{"type":564,"attrs":565,"content":566},"paragraph",{"textAlign":49},[567],{"text":568,"type":569},"The lithium industry needs $42 billion of investment if it is to meet 2030 demand, according to Benchmark analysis.","text",{"type":564,"attrs":571,"content":572},{"textAlign":49},[573,575],{"text":574,"type":569},"In 2030, ",{"text":576,"type":569},"Benchmark forecasts lithium demand will reach 2.4 million tonnes LCE (lithium carbonate equivalent). This is almost 1.8 million tonnes more than the 600,000 tonnes of lithium Benchmark forecasts will be produced in 2022.",{"type":564,"attrs":578,"content":579},{"textAlign":49},[580,582,584],{"text":581,"type":569},"Benchmark estimates that the lithium industry needs $7 billion of investment each year from now until 2028 to meet the 2030 lithium demand",{"text":583,"type":569},". These requirements come as Europe",{"text":585,"type":569}," and North America look to reduce their reliance on foreign supply and improve sustainability by developing local lithium production.",{"type":587,"attrs":588,"content":590},"heading",{"level":589,"textAlign":49},4,[591],{"text":592,"type":569},"How much is needed?",{"type":564,"attrs":594,"content":595},{"textAlign":49},[596],{"text":597,"type":569},"A major factor determining the capital required for a lithium extraction operation is the form of lithium being mined.",{"type":564,"attrs":599,"content":600},{"textAlign":49},[601],{"text":602,"type":569},"Benchmark estimates brine has a capital requirement of $18,000 to $20,000 per tonne LCE , whereas spodumene typically ranges between $10,000 and $35,000, but can reach as high as $50,000. ",{"type":564,"attrs":604,"content":605},{"textAlign":49},[606,608,616],{"text":607,"type":569},"The capital requirement for novel technologies such as ",{"text":609,"type":569,"marks":610},"direct lithium extraction",[611],{"type":612,"attrs":613},"link",{"href":614,"uuid":49,"anchor":49,"target":49,"linktype":615},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/rio-bets-on-direct-lithium-extraction-in-825-million-argentina-deal","url",{"text":617,"type":569}," (DLE), or unconventional resources such as clay are difficult to estimate, but are likely to have higher costs of around $20,000 to $40,000 according to Benchmark.",{"type":564,"attrs":619,"content":620},{"textAlign":49},[621,623,629],{"text":622,"type":569},"The ",{"text":624,"type":569,"marks":625},"largest lithium operation due to become operational this year",[626],{"type":612,"attrs":627},{"href":628,"uuid":49,"anchor":49,"target":49,"linktype":615},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/where-will-new-lithium-supply-come-from-in-2022",{"text":630,"type":569}," is Lithium Americas’ Caucharí-Olaroz brine project in Argentina. The capex for the 40,000 tpa LCE project is $741 million, which Lithium Americas describes as ‘low cost’. ",{"type":564,"attrs":632,"content":633},{"textAlign":49},[634],{"text":635,"type":569},"While lithium’s major producers have large investments planned, these alone will not be sufficient and new mines are needed. Development stage miners are “cashed up right now, and optimistic about the situation,” Benchmark analyst Cameron Perks says, “but will need a lot more cash to build mines.”",{"type":587,"attrs":637,"content":638},{"level":589,"textAlign":49},[639],{"text":640,"type":569},"Will EV makers step in?",{"type":564,"attrs":642,"content":643},{"textAlign":49},[644,646,652],{"text":645,"type":569},"This is where ",{"text":647,"type":569,"marks":648},"automakers can step in",[649],{"type":612,"attrs":650},{"href":651,"uuid":49,"anchor":49,"target":49,"linktype":615},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/ev-and-battery-big-talk-must-now-switch-to-mining-as-supply-chain-bites",{"text":653,"type":569},", says Simon Moores, Benchmark’s CEO. “Battery raw material availability is the limiting factor in the production of electric vehicles,” says Moores. “The EV makers have to get involved in mining if they want to make EVs at scale,” he says.",{"type":564,"attrs":655,"content":656},{"textAlign":49},[657,659,665],{"text":658,"type":569},"To date, automakers have secured lithium supply by signing offtake agreements without investing in mines, such as ",{"text":660,"type":569,"marks":661},"Tesla’s recent spodumene deals with Liontown Resources and Core Lithium",[662],{"type":612,"attrs":663},{"href":664,"uuid":49,"anchor":49,"target":49,"linktype":615},"https://www.benchmarkminerals.com/lithium-price-assessment-portal/liontown-sign-agreement-to-supply-spodumene-concentrate-to-tesla-benchmark-lithium/",{"text":666,"type":569},". Moores says, however, that “off-takes with no active mines are not enough.” ",{"type":564,"attrs":668,"content":669},{"textAlign":49},[670],{"text":671,"type":569},"Perks says that between them, automakers have the budgets required to alleviate the lithium gap. Perks notes that Volkwagen, Daimler, Ford and GM had a combined 2021 R&D budget of around $40 billion. But he says, “OEMs aren’t used to solving the problem of mining. They don’t know how it works.”",{"type":564,"attrs":673,"content":674},{"textAlign":49},[675,677,679,685,687],{"text":676,"type":569},"In Chin",{"text":678,"type":569},"a, Great Wall Motors were the first automaker to own a stake in a lithium miner when the company bought a 3.5% stake in then developer Pilbara Minerals for $28 million in 2017. More recently, ",{"text":680,"type":569,"marks":681},"BYD invested RMB 3 billion",[682],{"type":612,"attrs":683},{"href":684,"uuid":49,"anchor":49,"target":49,"linktype":615},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/byd-secures-lithium-discount-after-buying-stake-in-chinese-lithium-miner",{"text":686,"type":569}," (US$471 million)  for 5% of lithium major Chengxin Lithium. Such investm",{"text":688,"type":569},"ents will help provide the capital required to expand mining operations.",{"type":587,"attrs":690,"content":691},{"level":589,"textAlign":49},[692],{"text":693,"type":569},"China’s cost advantage",{"type":564,"attrs":695,"content":696},{"textAlign":49},[697],{"text":698,"type":569},"In 2022, 56% of refining capacity was concentrated in China, despite the country only having 14% of the global mining capacity for lithium. China has the experience, low labour costs, and cheap electricity required to develop refining facilities at a far lower cost than the rest of the world. In China, a 30,000 tonne mining and refinery setup can cost as low as $300 million, Perks says.",{"type":564,"attrs":700,"content":701},{"textAlign":49},[702,704],{"text":703,"type":569},"Europe and North America are looking to reduce their reliance on Chinese imports and so would need to develop their own capacity",{"text":705,"type":569},". However, this could require twice as much capital. Northvolt expects to invest over US$700 million into its Setúbal lithium conversion facility which will have a capacity of up to 32,000 tonnes of lithium hydroxide.",{"type":587,"attrs":707,"content":708},{"level":589,"textAlign":49},[709],{"text":710,"type":569},"Capex pressures",{"type":564,"attrs":712,"content":713},{"textAlign":49},[714],{"text":715,"type":569},"Development stage operations outside of China face additional pressures compared to the majors. “The incumbents have an added advantage as they have already started long term investments,” Perks says. This means new players are less protected from the “capex inflation of approximately 10-15% increase for long lead items.”",{"type":564,"attrs":717,"content":718},{"textAlign":49},[719],{"text":720,"type":569},"At the start of 2022, capex requirements for the Caucharí-Olaroz project increased 16% from Lithium America’s previous estimate, due to “additional resources and manpower, engineering modifications and inflationary cost pressures.”",{"type":564,"attrs":722,"content":723},{"textAlign":49},[724],{"text":725,"type":569},"Rising costs also affected lithium major Tianqi, which faced significant capex rises at its Kwinana refinery in Australia. In 2016, it planned to invest around US$300 million into the first 24,000 tonnes LCE phase of the project, but this increased to over US$500 million in 2019. The company plans to build a second phase for US$241 million, but Benchmark does not expect this to become operational until 2026.",{"type":564,"attrs":727,"content":728},{"textAlign":49},[729],{"text":730,"type":569},"Without focusing on domestic supply chains, Perks suggests the lithium requirements could be met with as low as $23 billion of capital investment. But he argues the upper estimate of $42 billion is more likely saying, “if you want a localised supply chain, it is going to cost more.”","The lithium industry needs $42 billion of investment if it is to meet 2030 demand, according to Benchmark analysis. In 2030, Benchmark forecasts lithium demand will reach 2.4 million tonnes LCE (lithium carbonate equivalent). This is almost 1.8 million tonnes more than the 600,000 tonnes of lithium Benchmark forecasts will be produced in 2022. Benchmark […]",[733],{"slug":552,"name":553,"content":734},{"job_title":555,"image":735,"bio":558,"linkedin":559},{"filename":557},"\u003C!--#storyblok#{\"name\": \"article\", \"space\": \"\", \"uid\": \"373936ed-2aaa-4082-a85e-27f0b69a0404\", \"id\": \"\"}-->","article",[739,742],{"slug":740,"name":741},"critical-minerals","Critical Minerals",{"slug":743,"name":8},"lithium","private",{"id":49,"alt":746,"name":746,"focus":746,"title":746,"source":746,"filename":747,"copyright":746,"fieldtype":748,"meta_data":749,"is_external_url":51},"","https://a.storyblok.com/f/287943243085208/17bc4b53ed/bm-shutterstock-643398625-2-1.jpg","asset",{"alt":746,"title":746,"source":746,"copyright":746},"May 13, 2022","13th May 2022",[],[],1784220839928]