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Mid-Nickel",103.5,99.73,3.78,13.78,6.78,[518,519,520,522,524,526,528,530,532,534,536,538],{"date":213,"value":512},{"date":216,"value":513},{"date":219,"value":521},99.19,{"date":222,"value":523},96.02,{"date":225,"value":525},98.23,{"date":467,"value":527},99.24,{"date":329,"value":529},101.29,{"date":339,"value":531},87.61,{"date":341,"value":533},92.44,{"date":344,"value":535},90.96,{"date":347,"value":537},92.24,{"date":350,"value":539},95.09,{"id":541,"uuid":542,"name":543,"slug":544,"full_slug":545,"content":546,"relatedArticles":765,"relatedVideos":766},112472489413864,"c6bcfb70-0d5f-454a-94d8-e19bebf03bde","Automakers’ ESG woes grow over Indonesian nickel","automakers-esg-woes-grow-over-indonesian-nickel","article/automakers-esg-woes-grow-over-indonesian-nickel",{"_uid":547,"date":548,"tags":549,"editor":556,"content":566,"excerpt":741,"featured":50,"reporter":742,"_editable":746,"component":747,"seo_title":543,"categories":748,"visibility":757,"author_company":49,"featured_image":758,"seo_description":741,"author_full_name":49,"author_job_title":49,"formattedDate":763,"formattedArticleDate":764},"8f39287b-4bd0-43fe-8d34-f989e17c4e96","2022-08-09 00:00",[550,553],{"slug":551,"name":552},"data-visualisation","Data Visualisation",{"slug":554,"name":555},"esg","ESG",[557],{"slug":558,"name":559,"content":560},"matthew-bird","Matthew Bird",{"job_title":561,"image":562,"bio":564,"linkedin":565},"Senior Editor - Supply Chains & Data Visualisation",{"filename":563},"https://a.storyblok.com/f/287943243085208/512x512/14738033ec/matthew-bird.jpeg","Matthew writes, edits and produces content for Benchmark Intelligence and Benchmark Source across the whole mine to grid supply chain. He also acts as a liaison to the press. He has a PhD in electrochemistry from the University of Nottingham.","https://www.linkedin.com/in/birdmatthew/",{"type":567,"content":568},"doc",[569,576,581,586,591,598,603,608,613,616,621,626,631,636,641,656,661,666,671,676,681,686,691,696,701,706,711,716,721,726,731,736],{"type":570,"attrs":571,"content":572},"paragraph",{"textAlign":49},[573],{"text":574,"type":575},"Automakers are facing growing scrutiny over their use of Indonesian nickel as Tesla received an open letter from environmental groups outlining their concerns with nickel production in the country.","text",{"type":570,"attrs":577,"content":578},{"textAlign":49},[579],{"text":580,"type":575},"Electric vehicle manufacturers are increasingly looking to Indonesia to meet their growing nickel requirements, with Ford and Volkswagen announcing nickel supply deals in recent months. This week, Indonesian officials told CNBC that Tesla had signed contracts worth $5 billion to buy Indonesian nickel products.",{"type":570,"attrs":582,"content":583},{"textAlign":49},[584],{"text":585,"type":575},"Indonesia is one of the only countries seeing growth in nickel production, said Greg Miller, an analyst at Benchmark. Data from Benchmark’s Nickel Forecast shows that Indonesia is set to increase its share of the refined nickel market from 32% in 2021 to 54% in 2025.",{"type":570,"attrs":587,"content":588},{"textAlign":49},[589],{"text":590,"type":575},"“There is no nickel without Indonesia,” Miller said.",{"type":592,"attrs":593,"content":595},"heading",{"level":594,"textAlign":49},4,[596],{"text":597,"type":575},"Indonesia’s nickel ambitions",{"type":570,"attrs":599,"content":600},{"textAlign":49},[601],{"text":602,"type":575},"“Indonesia has a proven track record of using policy instruments to stimulate downstream investment,” Miller said. “Since banning the export of nickel ore in 2014 and again in 2020, the country has rapidly emerged as a world leader in nickel processing and stainless steel production.”",{"type":570,"attrs":604,"content":605},{"textAlign":49},[606],{"text":607,"type":575},"The second largest producer of refined nickel is China, with just 18% of the market forecast for 2022, dropping to 10% in 2025. The nickel ore export bans have seen displacement of nickel refining capacity from China to Indonesia, Miller said.",{"type":570,"attrs":609,"content":610},{"textAlign":49},[611],{"text":612,"type":575},"“There will be insufficient supply to meet battery demand growth without Indonesia,” Miller said.",{"type":570,"attrs":614,"content":615},{"textAlign":49},[],{"type":570,"attrs":617,"content":618},{"textAlign":49},[619],{"text":620,"type":575},"However a large proportion of the nickel products currently produced in Indonesia are nickel pig iron (NPI) and ferronickel, more suited to the stainless steel industry than for battery cathode production. NPI can be upgraded into nickel matte for the battery industry, but generally nickel mixed hydroxide precipitate (MHP) is preferred.",{"type":570,"attrs":622,"content":623},{"textAlign":49},[624],{"text":625,"type":575},"Last week, the government announced it will increase tax on exports of low-nickel products. The tax aims to increase revenues from nickel exports whilst encouraging greater domestic production of the nickel products more suited for the battery supply chain.",{"type":570,"attrs":627,"content":628},{"textAlign":49},[629],{"text":630,"type":575},"“Indonesia has made no secret of its ambitions to leverage its significant nickel resources to build a domestic end-to-end EV supply chain,” Miller said. “We expect similar policies to extend the battery industry in the future.”",{"type":592,"attrs":632,"content":633},{"level":594,"textAlign":49},[634],{"text":635,"type":575},"A dirty shade of green",{"type":570,"attrs":637,"content":638},{"textAlign":49},[639],{"text":640,"type":575},"The growing prominence of Indonesia in the nickel industry is not good news to everyone. In their letter to Tesla, environmental groups cited “systemic, large-scale environmental damage” as a major reason that Tesla should avoid investing in Indonesian nickel. The groups go on to discuss additional consequences such as the criminalisation of indigenous communities and environmental defenders protecting their lands.",{"type":570,"attrs":642,"content":643},{"textAlign":49},[644,646,654],{"text":645,"type":575},"Tesla is currently sourcing nickel from operations globally including in ",{"text":647,"type":575,"marks":648},"Australia, New Caledonia, and Canada",[649],{"type":650,"attrs":651},"link",{"href":652,"uuid":49,"anchor":49,"target":49,"linktype":653},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/vale-and-tesla-nickel-deal-highlights-automakers-carbon-conundrum","url",{"text":655,"type":575},".",{"type":570,"attrs":657,"content":658},{"textAlign":49},[659],{"text":660,"type":575},"“Tesla has already locked in a lot of the existing ex-Indonesia supply,” Miller said. “There aren’t many other places they can go.”",{"type":570,"attrs":662,"content":663},{"textAlign":49},[664],{"text":665,"type":575},"Indonesian nickel occurs in laterite ores which require scraping vast swathes of land to access. “Environmentally it is really challenging,”  Charlotte Selvey-Miller, Head of ESG at Benchmark, said. “Nickel processes are very carbon intensive and use a lot of the land’s surface.”",{"type":570,"attrs":667,"content":668},{"textAlign":49},[669],{"text":670,"type":575},"“There is a lot of biodiversity in Indonesia,” she said. “Biodiversity loss can be irreversible, even with offsetting, especially with species endemic to the area.”",{"type":570,"attrs":672,"content":673},{"textAlign":49},[674],{"text":675,"type":575},"Life cycle analyses by Benchmark show that nickel sulphate produced from ferronickel mined in Indonesia and processed in China has CO2 equivalent emissions of 97 tonnes per tonne of nickel contained in the sulphate.",{"type":570,"attrs":677,"content":678},{"textAlign":49},[679],{"text":680,"type":575},"This is 1.6 times more carbon intensive than the equivalent process in Brazil (such as by Vale) with processing in Canada, with most of the emissions occurring in the country where the mineral is first mined and initially processed into intermediates.",{"type":570,"attrs":682,"content":683},{"textAlign":49},[684],{"text":685,"type":575},"Of the carbon emissions associated with the Indonesian/China nickel product, 94% comes from the mining and use of the rotary kiln-electric furnace (RKEF) used to produce the intermediate material in Indonesia. Only 6% is associated with the transport to and processing in China.",{"type":592,"attrs":687,"content":688},{"level":594,"textAlign":49},[689],{"text":690,"type":575},"Cleaning up Indonesia’s nickel",{"type":570,"attrs":692,"content":693},{"textAlign":49},[694],{"text":695,"type":575},"Indonesia has a carbon intensive electricity grid using primarily coal and other fossil sources, worsening the environmental impact of the electric furnaces. Coal is also used as a reagent in the process, so renewable energy sources wouldn’t entirely clean up the RKEF process.",{"type":570,"attrs":697,"content":698},{"textAlign":49},[699],{"text":700,"type":575},"An alternative to the RKEF process is to use high pressure acid leaching (HPAL). This method produces nickel mixed hydroxide precipitate",{"type":570,"attrs":702,"content":703},{"textAlign":49},[704],{"text":705,"type":575},"Ford’s recent agreement with Vale and Huayou in Indonesia is for an HPAL project to provide the automaker with up to 84,000 tpa of nickel metal. Benchmark forecasts supply of nickel from Indonesian HPAL projects will increase over 2000% between 2021 and 2025.",{"type":570,"attrs":707,"content":708},{"textAlign":49},[709],{"text":710,"type":575},"HPAL is not without its downsides, however. Selvey-Miller explained that although HPAL in Indonesia is up to five times less carbon intensive than the RKEF process, the toxicity to ecosystems  can be as much as three times worse owing to the high quantities of sulphuric acid needed, as assessed in Benchmark’s upcoming Nickel ESG report.",{"type":570,"attrs":712,"content":713},{"textAlign":49},[714],{"text":715,"type":575},"“Indonesian nickel has quite a few ESG aspects of concern, many on the governance side,” Selvey-Miller said. “Lots of mines are coming on the market very quickly. Are they going through the right environmental regulations  and keeping the stakeholders engaged?”",{"type":570,"attrs":717,"content":718},{"textAlign":49},[719],{"text":720,"type":575},"To ensure that the nickel being sourced meets ESG requirements, “automakers need to ensure they are auditing at the mine site or using a very trusted third party auditor.”",{"type":570,"attrs":722,"content":723},{"textAlign":49},[724],{"text":725,"type":575},"Tesla is already a member of the Initiative for Responsible Mining Assurance (IRMA), which offers globally recognised third-party verification and certification for mines.",{"type":570,"attrs":727,"content":728},{"textAlign":49},[729],{"text":730,"type":575},"“Even if you do everything right legally, if you don’t have informed consent from the communities there will be push back,” Selvey-Miller said. The automakers and mining companies need to actively and transparently engage with the communities and go beyond just legal obligations to source materials morally, she said.",{"type":570,"attrs":732,"content":733},{"textAlign":49},[734],{"text":735,"type":575},"Serbia’s cancellation of Rio Tinto’s Jadar lithium project in January following weeks of protests highlights the risks of failing to engage with local communities.",{"type":570,"attrs":737,"content":738},{"textAlign":49},[739],{"text":740,"type":575},"Transparency from the automakers and mining companies is the key, Selvey-Miller explained. “When it’s in the open, they are held accountable for mitigating the risks.”","Automakers are facing growing scrutiny over their use of Indonesian nickel as Tesla received an open letter from environmental groups outlining their concerns with nickel production in the country. Electric vehicle manufacturers are increasingly looking to Indonesia to meet their growing nickel requirements, with Ford and Volkswagen announcing nickel supply deals in recent months. This […]",[743],{"slug":558,"name":559,"content":744},{"job_title":561,"image":745,"bio":564,"linkedin":565},{"filename":563},"\u003C!--#storyblok#{\"name\": \"article\", \"space\": \"\", \"uid\": \"8f39287b-4bd0-43fe-8d34-f989e17c4e96\", \"id\": \"\"}-->","article",[749,752,754],{"slug":750,"name":751},"critical-minerals","Critical Minerals",{"slug":753,"name":150},"nickel",{"slug":755,"name":756},"sustainability","Sustainability","private",{"id":49,"alt":759,"name":759,"focus":759,"title":759,"source":759,"filename":760,"copyright":759,"fieldtype":761,"meta_data":762,"is_external_url":51},"","https://a.storyblok.com/f/287943243085208/5881d8f327/bm-backhoe-load-warm-and-smokey-slag-material-into-mining-dump-truck-in-nickel-mining-in-south-sulaw.jpg","asset",{"alt":759,"title":759,"source":759,"copyright":759},"Aug 09, 2022","9th August 2022",[],[],1781280285965]