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view from the ground: South Korea’s lithium industry","benchmarks-view-from-the-ground-south-koreas-lithium-industry","article/benchmarks-view-from-the-ground-south-koreas-lithium-industry",{"_uid":557,"date":558,"tags":559,"editor":569,"content":579,"excerpt":706,"featured":51,"reporter":707,"_editable":711,"component":712,"seo_title":553,"categories":713,"visibility":719,"author_company":49,"featured_image":720,"seo_description":706,"author_full_name":49,"author_job_title":49,"formattedDate":724,"formattedArticleDate":725},"6bb47ff0-54f1-4960-9bb7-7abf482b75ce","2025-11-17 00:00",[560,563,566],{"slug":561,"name":562},"posco","Posco",{"slug":564,"name":565},"site-visit","Site visit",{"slug":567,"name":568},"south-korea","South Korea",[570],{"slug":571,"name":572,"content":573},"matthew-bird","Matthew Bird",{"job_title":574,"image":575,"bio":577,"linkedin":578},"Senior Editor - Supply Chains & Data Visualisation",{"filename":576},"https://a.storyblok.com/f/287943243085208/512x512/14738033ec/matthew-bird.jpeg","Matthew writes, edits and produces content for Benchmark Intelligence and Benchmark Source across the whole mine to grid supply chain. He also acts as a liaison to the press. He has a PhD in electrochemistry from the University of Nottingham.","https://www.linkedin.com/in/birdmatthew/",{"type":580,"content":581},"doc",[582,589,594,601,606,611,620,625,630,635,640,645,650,655,660,665,670,675,680,685],{"type":583,"attrs":584,"content":585},"paragraph",{"textAlign":49},[586],{"text":587,"type":588},"South Korea’s battery industry is one of the most developed and globally integrated ecosystems in the world. Yet beneath the surface of its technical leadership lies a sense of caution: competition from China is intensifying, margins are thin, and chemistry choices are shifting rapidly.","text",{"type":583,"attrs":590,"content":591},{"textAlign":49},[592],{"text":593,"type":588},"A recent visit by Benchmark’s Lithium Product Director, Cameron Perks – revealed an industry recalibrating to a lower-price environment, shifting cost structures, and accelerating chemistry changes.",{"type":595,"attrs":596,"content":598},"heading",{"level":597,"textAlign":49},4,[599],{"text":600,"type":588},"Building resilience: POSCO’s integration strategy",{"type":583,"attrs":602,"content":603},{"textAlign":49},[604],{"text":605,"type":588},"POSCO epitomises South Korea’s approach – vertically integrated, technologically ambitious, but ultimately guided by economics.",{"type":583,"attrs":607,"content":608},{"textAlign":49},[609],{"text":610,"type":588},"Benchmark had the opportunity to visit the Gwangyang complex in the south of the country, home to PPLS (POSCO–Pilbara Lithium Solution), the 82% POSCO / 18% PLS joint venture. Both processing lines utilise an acid-roast kiln system, differing only in their downstream sulfate-to-hydroxide conversion stages. ",{"type":583,"attrs":612,"content":613},{"textAlign":49},[614],{"type":615,"attrs":616},"image",{"id":49,"alt":617,"src":618,"title":49,"source":49,"copyright":49,"meta_data":619},"","https://a.storyblok.com/f/287943243085208/276e0bbefa/bm-image-159.png",{},{"type":583,"attrs":621,"content":622},{"textAlign":49},[623],{"text":624,"type":588},"Importantly, both lines achieved a full 100% ramp-up before utilisation later fell below 50%, reflecting soft market demand and elevated feedstock prices. Even at reduced throughput, Gwangyang stands out as the most successful converter outside of China (excluding Chengxin in Indonesia, and far ahead of Australia, Europe and North American converters), and integrates an adjacent cathode facility, which absorbs much of the output.",{"type":583,"attrs":626,"content":627},{"textAlign":49},[628],{"text":629,"type":588},"Discussions with POSCO also covered its brine-project portfolio in the Americas. At the Sal de Oro project in Argentina, the company is progressing lithium sulfate production via evaporation, which will be upgraded to lithium hydroxide monohydrate (LHM) using proprietary technology. Initial output could begin next year, although a meaningful price recovery will be required to support ramp-up. In North America, Posco continues to develop, conduct R&D and plan for the future of its DLE project in Utah.",{"type":583,"attrs":631,"content":632},{"textAlign":49},[633],{"text":634,"type":588},"Following our visit, POSCO has taken a 30% stake in a joint venture with Mineral Resources – part of a deliberate strategy to secure material at competitive cost, and has acquired the Hombre Muerto North project in Argentina for US$65 million, targeting around 15.6ktpa LCE from 2029. ",{"type":595,"attrs":636,"content":637},{"level":597,"textAlign":49},[638],{"text":639,"type":588},"Structural changes underway in Korea",{"type":583,"attrs":641,"content":642},{"textAlign":49},[643],{"text":644,"type":588},"Across the ecosystem, from OEMs to recyclers, companies are reassessing which parts of the value chain justify new capital deployment.",{"type":583,"attrs":646,"content":647},{"textAlign":49},[648],{"text":649,"type":588},"Some firms expressed surprise at the strength of Benchmark’s high-LFP outlook presented during Cameron’s keynote at the International Battery Tech Future (IBTF) conference in Saemangeum. Others, including several major nickel-cathode producers, are already preparing to introduce LFP cathode lines as early as next year to support both domestic and North American demand.",{"type":583,"attrs":651,"content":652},{"textAlign":49},[653],{"text":654,"type":588},"High-nickel R&D and premium-platform cathode capacity will remain central to Korea’s strategy. But a pivot toward chemistry optionality, particularly to maintain relevance across multiple EV segment, is becoming essential as China consolidates its lead in mid-tier and mass-market battery chemistries.",{"type":583,"attrs":656,"content":657},{"textAlign":49},[658],{"text":659,"type":588},"Other presentations focused heavily on recycling build out and IRA compliance. For recycling, Korea’s lithium output remains relatively small, just 2kt LCE of output in 2025 according to Q3 recycling forecast, with this growing to just 4kt LCE in 2030 and 10kt in 2035. To this date, no profitable LFP recycling exists outside of China, which means that any shift towards LFP for Korea’s cathode producers will have major implications in a country that considers scrap and black mass to be an increasingly strategic resource. Conference organisers from the Jeonbuk State government told Benchmark that they are focused on incentivising new recycling technologies and investments in Saemangeum. ",{"type":583,"attrs":661,"content":662},{"textAlign":49},[663],{"text":664,"type":588},"Another recurring theme during the trip was the opportunity created by U.S. Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) rules. Korean cathode, precursor, and battery manufacturers are deeply engaged in reconfiguring supply chains to maintain eligibility for U.S. EV credits. This has accelerated demand for non-Chinese lithium, nickel, and precursor materials and placed a new premium on traceability systems capable of documenting provenance at every stage of production.",{"type":583,"attrs":666,"content":667},{"textAlign":49},[668],{"text":669,"type":588},"Companies noted that IRA compliance is now a core determinant of capital allocation. Investments in new cathode lines, recycling capacity, and precursor expansions are being evaluated not only on cost but on their ability to support long-term U.S. growth. Several producers highlighted that IRA-related documentation already requires significantly more data collection than previous export frameworks, with growing emphasis on auditability, life-cycle reporting, and counterparty screening.",{"type":583,"attrs":671,"content":672},{"textAlign":49},[673],{"text":674,"type":588},"While the industry is still adapting to evolving guidance, Korean manufacturers appear confident that their established global relationships, particularly with suppliers in Australia and the Americas, position them well to serve North American demand. ",{"type":583,"attrs":676,"content":677},{"textAlign":49},[678],{"text":679,"type":588},"In many ways, the IRA and the United States’ determination to build an alternative supply chain outside China, is the primary source of optimism for Korean battery and materials companies. It offers a pathway to remain competitive and preserve revenue growth at a time when China’s cost advantage is widening. ",{"type":583,"attrs":681,"content":682},{"textAlign":49},[683],{"text":684,"type":588},"Yet this optimism is tempered by a quiet unease: Korea’s long-term positioning is increasingly influenced by forces beyond its borders. On previous visits, Hyundai dominated Seoul’s roads; this year, the shift is visible, with Chinese EVs beginning to appear in the capital. For an industry built on self-reliance, the idea of depending so heavily on external policy winds is both an opportunity, and a strategic vulnerability.",{"type":583,"attrs":686,"content":687},{"textAlign":49},[688,693,702],{"text":689,"type":588,"marks":690},"A copy of the ",[691],{"type":692},"italic",{"text":694,"type":588,"marks":695},"keynote presentation is available on the Source platform",[696,701],{"type":697,"attrs":698},"link",{"href":699,"uuid":49,"anchor":49,"target":49,"linktype":700},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/publications/presentations/1349529","url",{"type":692},{"text":703,"type":588,"marks":704},".",[705],{"type":692},"South Korea’s battery industry is one of the most developed and globally integrated ecosystems in the world. Yet beneath the surface of its technical leadership lies a sense of caution: competition from China is intensifying, margins are thin, and chemistry choices are shifting rapidly. A recent visit by Benchmark’s Lithium Product Director, Cameron Perks – […]",[708],{"slug":571,"name":572,"content":709},{"job_title":574,"image":710,"bio":577,"linkedin":578},{"filename":576},"\u003C!--#storyblok#{\"name\": \"article\", \"space\": \"\", \"uid\": \"6bb47ff0-54f1-4960-9bb7-7abf482b75ce\", \"id\": \"\"}-->","article",[714,717],{"slug":715,"name":716},"critical-minerals","Critical Minerals",{"slug":718,"name":8},"lithium","private",{"id":49,"alt":617,"name":617,"focus":617,"title":617,"source":617,"filename":721,"copyright":617,"fieldtype":722,"meta_data":723,"is_external_url":51},"https://a.storyblok.com/f/287943243085208/3dfac6002f/bm-cylindrical-battery.jpeg","asset",{"alt":617,"title":617,"source":617,"copyright":617},"Nov 17, 2025","17th November 2025",[],[],1792773881113]