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uses Defense Production Act in bid to transform US battery supply chain","biden-uses-defense-production-act-in-bid-to-transform-us-battery-supply-chain","article/biden-uses-defense-production-act-in-bid-to-transform-us-battery-supply-chain",{"_uid":557,"date":558,"tags":559,"editor":563,"content":573,"excerpt":690,"featured":51,"reporter":691,"_editable":695,"component":696,"seo_title":553,"categories":697,"visibility":701,"author_company":49,"featured_image":702,"seo_description":690,"author_full_name":49,"author_job_title":49,"formattedDate":707,"formattedArticleDate":708},"0bd44050-2e92-4604-b061-9aa59688a9b8","2022-04-01 00:00",[560],{"slug":561,"name":562},"usa","USA",[564],{"slug":565,"name":566,"content":567},"matthew-bird","Matthew Bird",{"job_title":568,"image":569,"bio":571,"linkedin":572},"Senior Editor - Supply Chains & Data Visualisation",{"filename":570},"https://a.storyblok.com/f/287943243085208/512x512/14738033ec/matthew-bird.jpeg","Matthew writes, edits and produces content for Benchmark Intelligence and Benchmark Source across the whole mine to grid supply chain. He also acts as a liaison to the press. He has a PhD in electrochemistry from the University of Nottingham.","https://www.linkedin.com/in/birdmatthew/",{"type":574,"content":575},"doc",[576,583,588,593,598,603,608,613,620,625,630,635,640,645,650,655,660,665,670,675,680,685],{"type":577,"attrs":578,"content":579},"paragraph",{"textAlign":49},[580],{"text":581,"type":582},"US president Joe Biden has invoked the Defense Production Act in a bid to boost domestic production and processing of key battery raw materials and reduce the country’s dependence on foreign supply.","text",{"type":577,"attrs":584,"content":585},{"textAlign":49},[586],{"text":587,"type":582},"In his presidential determination Biden said that the US government would “create, maintain, protect, expand, or restore sustainable and responsible domestic production capabilities of such strategic and critical materials by supporting feasibility studies.”",{"type":577,"attrs":589,"content":590},{"textAlign":49},[591],{"text":592,"type":582},"The determination specifically cited the need for “lithium, nickel, cobalt, graphite, and manganese for large-capacity batteries.”",{"type":577,"attrs":594,"content":595},{"textAlign":49},[596],{"text":597,"type":582},"“This will likely oil the wheels of domestic mining and refining but still needs huge capital support in the tens of billions of dollars to make this work,” Simon Moores, CEO of Benchmark, said.",{"type":577,"attrs":599,"content":600},{"textAlign":49},[601],{"text":602,"type":582},"The White House did not set out plans for direct investment or loans from the government. ",{"type":577,"attrs":604,"content":605},{"textAlign":49},[606],{"text":607,"type":582},"“The industry will hope the strong EV supply chain and domestic mining direction President Biden is setting will do the job,” Moores added. ",{"type":577,"attrs":609,"content":610},{"textAlign":49},[611],{"text":612,"type":582},"In the near-term Benchmark expects the measures to open up supply from existing infrastructure, such as byproduct from current assets. In the longer-term Benchmark expects the measures to help new projects at the bankable feasibility stage of development to unlock much needed investment.",{"type":614,"attrs":615,"content":617},"heading",{"level":616,"textAlign":49},4,[618],{"text":619,"type":582},"Little-to-no domestic supply",{"type":577,"attrs":621,"content":622},{"textAlign":49},[623],{"text":624,"type":582},"In 2021 the USA produced less than 1% of global mined lithium supply and only 3% of lithium chemical supply according to Benchmark’s Lithium Forecast. ",{"type":577,"attrs":626,"content":627},{"textAlign":49},[628],{"text":629,"type":582},"The US is even more dependent on foreign sources of cobalt, refined nickel, and natural flake graphite for which it has no production capacity. ",{"type":577,"attrs":631,"content":632},{"textAlign":49},[633],{"text":634,"type":582},"While there are dozens of battery raw material projects under development in the US these will be unlikely to offer any meaningful production in the next few years. Benchmark therefore expects that the country will stay dependent on foreign supply in the near term. ",{"type":577,"attrs":636,"content":637},{"textAlign":49},[638],{"text":639,"type":582},"Midstream cathode and anode production capacity will also need to be developed for these raw materials to make their way into US-made lithium ion cells.",{"type":577,"attrs":641,"content":642},{"textAlign":49},[643],{"text":644,"type":582},"The US government has become increasingly aware of its lithium ion supply chain vulnerabilities, particularly in the face of China’s dominance over much of the value chain. ",{"type":577,"attrs":646,"content":647},{"textAlign":49},[648],{"text":649,"type":582},"In December, Tesla and South Korean battery producer SK Innovation told the US government that they were unable to source synthetic or natural graphite for battery anode materials outside of China. ",{"type":577,"attrs":651,"content":652},{"textAlign":49},[653],{"text":654,"type":582},"China mines 69% of the world’s natural flake graphite and produces 100% of global spherical graphite used in anode production, according to Benchmark’s Natural Flake Graphite Forecast. The bulk of synthetic graphite used in anode materials is also produced in China. ",{"type":577,"attrs":656,"content":657},{"textAlign":49},[658],{"text":659,"type":582},"Chinese dominance extends to other battery raw materials, with 60% of the world’s lithium chemicals and 73% refined cobalt produced in China in 2021. ",{"type":614,"attrs":661,"content":662},{"level":616,"textAlign":49},[663],{"text":664,"type":582},"US gigafactories need feeding",{"type":577,"attrs":666,"content":667},{"textAlign":49},[668],{"text":669,"type":582},"The US has 21 gigafactories with over 700 gigawatt hours (GWh) of capacity in the pipeline for 2030 according to Benchmark’s Lithium ion Battery Gigafactory Assessment. ",{"type":577,"attrs":671,"content":672},{"textAlign":49},[673],{"text":674,"type":582},"By 2030 Benchmark forecasts lithium demand from the battery sector in North America to exceed 450,000 tonnes, almost equal to global lithium production in 2021. ",{"type":577,"attrs":676,"content":677},{"textAlign":49},[678],{"text":679,"type":582},"As a result the disconnect between raw material demand and supply has continued to grow, with most battery raw materials facing near-term supply shortages. ",{"type":577,"attrs":681,"content":682},{"textAlign":49},[683],{"text":684,"type":582},"While investment has flowed into US gigafactories there has been insufficient investment in domestic battery raw material projects. Biden’s administration will hope its use of the Defense Production Act will release more long-term investment into the upstream. ",{"type":577,"attrs":686,"content":687},{"textAlign":49},[688],{"text":689,"type":582},"“More is needed but we are now in territory not seen before in generations. Mining returns to the USA to build a lithium ion battery and EV economy,” said Moores. ","US president Joe Biden has invoked the Defense Production Act in a bid to boost domestic production and processing of key battery raw materials and reduce the country’s dependence on foreign supply. In his presidential determination Biden said that the US government would “create, maintain, protect, expand, or restore sustainable and responsible domestic production capabilities […]",[692],{"slug":565,"name":566,"content":693},{"job_title":568,"image":694,"bio":571,"linkedin":572},{"filename":570},"\u003C!--#storyblok#{\"name\": \"article\", \"space\": \"\", \"uid\": \"0bd44050-2e92-4604-b061-9aa59688a9b8\", \"id\": \"\"}-->","article",[698],{"slug":699,"name":700},"critical-minerals","Critical Minerals","private",{"id":49,"alt":703,"name":703,"focus":703,"title":703,"source":703,"filename":704,"copyright":703,"fieldtype":705,"meta_data":706,"is_external_url":51},"","https://a.storyblok.com/f/287943243085208/81c0241aee/bm-biden-president.jpg","asset",{"alt":703,"title":703,"source":703,"copyright":703},"Apr 01, 2022","1st April 2022",[],[],1792765754352]