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Mid-Nickel",103.5,99.73,3.78,13.78,6.78,[518,519,520,522,524,526,528,530,532,534,536,538],{"date":213,"value":512},{"date":216,"value":513},{"date":219,"value":521},99.19,{"date":222,"value":523},96.02,{"date":225,"value":525},98.23,{"date":467,"value":527},99.24,{"date":329,"value":529},101.29,{"date":339,"value":531},87.61,{"date":341,"value":533},92.44,{"date":344,"value":535},90.96,{"date":347,"value":537},92.24,{"date":350,"value":539},95.09,{"id":541,"uuid":542,"name":543,"slug":544,"full_slug":545,"content":546,"relatedArticles":844,"relatedVideos":845},112470231344868,"3e3088a6-8127-4a35-84ac-9a286cd7b29c","Black mass hits policy mainstream: 2023 in review","black-mass-hits-policy-mainstream-2023-in-review","article/black-mass-hits-policy-mainstream-2023-in-review",{"_uid":547,"date":548,"tags":549,"editor":558,"content":568,"excerpt":823,"featured":51,"reporter":824,"_editable":828,"component":829,"seo_title":543,"categories":830,"visibility":837,"author_company":49,"featured_image":838,"seo_description":823,"author_full_name":49,"author_job_title":49,"formattedDate":842,"formattedArticleDate":843},"1e284614-9d80-4bd3-a920-0cf66e7755b3","2023-12-27 00:00",[550,552,555],{"slug":551,"name":373},"black-mass",{"slug":553,"name":554},"black-mass-prices","Black mass prices",{"slug":556,"name":557},"policy","Policy",[559],{"slug":560,"name":561,"content":562},"didi-bostock","Didi Bostock",{"job_title":563,"image":564,"bio":566,"linkedin":567},"Editor - Energy Transition & Economics",{"filename":565},"https://a.storyblok.com/f/287943243085208/512x512/2c5ca5c1a3/didi-bostock.jpeg","Didi is the Energy Transition & Economics Editor at Benchmark, covering a broad range of markets across the energy transition. His remit spans from downstream sectors such as BESS and EVs, through to midstream such as new technologies and battery production, to upstream critical minerals mining. He also leads on financial analysis across these supply chains, alongside in-depth policy analysis.\n","https://www.linkedin.com/in/didi-bostock-656342198/",{"type":569,"content":570},"doc",[571,578,593,598,603,610,615,620,625,630,635,640,653,658,663,676,689,693,706,711,724,733,738,743,748,753,758,763,776,789,818],{"type":572,"attrs":573,"content":574},"paragraph",{"textAlign":49},[575],{"text":576,"type":577},"Recycling policy and black mass regulation have been on the minds of multiple governments in 2023.","text",{"type":572,"attrs":579,"content":580},{"textAlign":49},[581,583,591],{"text":582,"type":577},"Shredding battery scrap to ",{"text":584,"type":577,"marks":585},"produce black mass",[586],{"type":587,"attrs":588},"link",{"href":589,"uuid":49,"anchor":49,"target":49,"linktype":590},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/what-is-black-mass-and-how-is-it-priced","url",{"text":592,"type":577},", a material containing battery metals, and processing that into battery-grade materials is key to creating a circular economy.",{"type":572,"attrs":594,"content":595},{"textAlign":49},[596],{"text":597,"type":577},"There is a rising quantity of battery scrap from gigafactory waste and end-of-life electric vehicles. Regulation of black mass is key in controlling its movements across borders to allow governments to maximise on the value of the materials contained within the scrap.",{"type":572,"attrs":599,"content":600},{"textAlign":49},[601],{"text":602,"type":577},"“All these legislative movements within these regions will impact black mass transportation and incentivisation for recycling,” Beatrice Browning, an analyst at Benchmark, said.",{"type":604,"attrs":605,"content":607},"heading",{"level":606,"textAlign":49},4,[608],{"text":609,"type":577},"Standardising black mass classification",{"type":572,"attrs":611,"content":612},{"textAlign":49},[613],{"text":614,"type":577},"Battery scrap contains valuable lithium, nickel, cobalt, and manganese chemicals. By recycling scrap batteries, these materials can be recovered and converted back into battery-grade materials to use again.",{"type":572,"attrs":616,"content":617},{"textAlign":49},[618],{"text":619,"type":577},"But often scrap is converted to black mass and then exported to Asia for further recycling. This means the value contained in the black mass is lost to another country.",{"type":572,"attrs":621,"content":622},{"textAlign":49},[623],{"text":624,"type":577},"China, the most developed region for black mass processing, classifies the material as toxic. This means it cannot be directly exported or imported. This allows China to control the flow of the material to best capture its value.",{"type":572,"attrs":626,"content":627},{"textAlign":49},[628],{"text":629,"type":577},"This year, the European Commission proposed the development of “dedicated waste codes for lithium ion batteries and intermediate waste streams (black mass)” to be included in the bloc’s waste list in 2024.",{"type":572,"attrs":631,"content":632},{"textAlign":49},[633],{"text":634,"type":577},"The US’s Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a note in May 2023 stating “black mass is not a universal waste and is no longer a battery and should be classified as solid waste.”",{"type":604,"attrs":636,"content":637},{"level":606,"textAlign":49},[638],{"text":639,"type":577},"Europe doubles down on policy",{"type":572,"attrs":641,"content":642},{"textAlign":49},[643,645,651],{"text":644,"type":577},"The European Union looked to incentivise battery recycling through two new pieces of legislation in 2023. The first is the ",{"text":646,"type":577,"marks":647},"EU Batteries Regulation",[648],{"type":587,"attrs":649},{"href":650,"uuid":49,"anchor":49,"target":49,"linktype":590},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/can-the-eu-meet-its-proposed-battery-metals-recycling-targets",{"text":652,"type":577}," which was passed at the start of the year.",{"type":572,"attrs":654,"content":655},{"textAlign":49},[656],{"text":657,"type":577},"The new rules outlined in this regulatory framework stipulate that a certain percentage of the critical minerals contained in any batteries sold within the EU must come from recycled sources. By the beginning of 2031, these percentages are set to a minimum of 6%, 6% and 16% for lithium, nickel, and cobalt, respectively. These rise to 12%, 15% and 26% in 2036.",{"type":572,"attrs":659,"content":660},{"textAlign":49},[661],{"text":662,"type":577},"The regulations also have stipulations on minimum recovery rates for recyclers and set out what battery collection rates need to be achieved within the bloc.",{"type":572,"attrs":664,"content":665},{"textAlign":49},[666,668,674],{"text":667,"type":577},"The second policy package to tackle recycling is the ",{"text":669,"type":577,"marks":670},"Critical Raw Materials Act",[671],{"type":587,"attrs":672},{"href":673,"uuid":49,"anchor":49,"target":49,"linktype":590},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/opinion-critical-raw-materials-act-europes-attempt-to-have-both-quality-speed",{"text":675,"type":577},". Political agreement on this was reached at the end of 2023, though it has yet to be formally approved.",{"type":572,"attrs":677,"content":678},{"textAlign":49},[679,681,687],{"text":680,"type":577},"The Act sets out a benchmark for 25% of the European Union’s combined consumption of ",{"text":682,"type":577,"marks":683},"critical raw materials to come from recycled sources",[684],{"type":587,"attrs":685},{"href":686,"uuid":49,"anchor":49,"target":49,"linktype":590},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/eu-increases-critical-mineral-recycling-targets-in-bid-to-increase-self-reliance",{"text":688,"type":577},". Although this is a highly ambitious goal, it is not a legal mandate like the Battery Regulation targets.",{"type":604,"attrs":690,"content":691},{"level":606,"textAlign":49},[692],{"text":554,"type":577},{"type":572,"attrs":694,"content":695},{"textAlign":49},[696,698,704],{"text":697,"type":577},"Black mass prices are ",{"text":699,"type":577,"marks":700},"closely linked to raw material prices",[701],{"type":587,"attrs":702},{"href":703,"uuid":49,"anchor":49,"target":49,"linktype":590},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/falling-lithium-prices-weigh-on-black-mass-prices-in-china",{"text":705,"type":577}," as the material is often traded on a payable basis. Given the drop in raw material across the board over 2023, black mass prices, too, dropped.",{"type":572,"attrs":707,"content":708},{"textAlign":49},[709],{"text":710,"type":577},"“Together with the influence of the lithium carbonate futures market, the volatility of market sentiment was magnified, showing dramatic price fluctuations,” Hazel Huang, an analyst at Benchmark, said. “The underlying reason was that sales in the end EV market were not as high as expected, with insufficient demand and significant overcapacity.”",{"type":572,"attrs":712,"content":713},{"textAlign":49},[714,716,722],{"text":715,"type":577},"Between April and June of 2023, black mass prices experienced an uptick, according to ",{"text":717,"type":577,"marks":718},"Benchmark’s Black Mass Price Assessment",[719],{"type":587,"attrs":720},{"href":721,"uuid":49,"anchor":49,"target":49,"linktype":590},"https://www.benchmarkminerals.com/price-assessments/black-mass/portal",{"text":723,"type":577},". Typically in September and October, precursor manufacturers purchase large quantities of material in anticipation of year end festivities, according to Huang.",{"type":572,"attrs":725,"content":726},{"textAlign":49},[727],{"type":728,"attrs":729},"image",{"id":49,"alt":730,"src":731,"title":49,"source":49,"copyright":49,"meta_data":732},"","https://a.storyblok.com/f/287943243085208/de8a0ee152/bm-black-mass-price-chart.png",{},{"type":572,"attrs":734,"content":735},{"textAlign":49},[736],{"text":737,"type":577},"This leads to a slight increase in raw material prices which then trickles down into black mass prices. The price rise observed around June was in anticipation of this.",{"type":572,"attrs":739,"content":740},{"textAlign":49},[741],{"text":742,"type":577},"“However, it was ultimately found that end-market demand did increase, but not by as much as expected,” Huang said.",{"type":572,"attrs":744,"content":745},{"textAlign":49},[746],{"text":747,"type":577},"The historical opacity of the black mass market improved somewhat in 2023.",{"type":572,"attrs":749,"content":750},{"textAlign":49},[751],{"text":752,"type":577},"“For the Chinese market, black mass prices are more transparent as the black mass treatment capacity is much larger than the existing market volume of black mass and competition is intense,” Huang said. “In the case of the Asian market, the opacity of the market has been reduced with the gradual expansion of the black mass market in Korea.”",{"type":604,"attrs":754,"content":755},{"level":606,"textAlign":49},[756],{"text":757,"type":577},"Supply growth and disruptions",{"type":572,"attrs":759,"content":760},{"textAlign":49},[761],{"text":762,"type":577},"Several recycling facilities came online in 2023 or ramped up significantly.",{"type":572,"attrs":764,"content":765},{"textAlign":49},[766,768,774],{"text":767,"type":577},"The largest increase in capacity came from Hengchuang Ruineng Environmental Protection Technology in Guangdong, China. Across their recycling bases they have increased the tonnage of battery scrap they can handle from 50,000 tonnes last year to 150,000 tonnes this year, according to ",{"text":769,"type":577,"marks":770},"Benchmark’s Recycling Forecast",[771],{"type":587,"attrs":772},{"href":773,"uuid":49,"anchor":49,"target":49,"linktype":590},"https://www.benchmarkminerals.com/forecasts/recycling/reports",{"text":775,"type":577},".",{"type":572,"attrs":777,"content":778},{"textAlign":49},[779,781,787],{"text":780,"type":577},"In ",{"text":782,"type":577,"marks":783},"North America",[784],{"type":587,"attrs":785},{"href":786,"uuid":49,"anchor":49,"target":49,"linktype":590},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/the-companies-shaping-the-north-american-lithium-ion-recycling-ecosystem",{"text":788,"type":577},", the largest new facility is operated by the American Battery Technology Company which operates a mechanical pre-treatment facility with an initial capacity to handle 20,000 tonnes of batteries.",{"type":572,"attrs":790,"content":791},{"textAlign":49},[792,794,800,802,808,810,816],{"text":793,"type":577},"In Europe, ",{"text":795,"type":577,"marks":796},"Li-Cycle opened a pretreatment facility",[797],{"type":587,"attrs":798},{"href":799,"uuid":49,"anchor":49,"target":49,"linktype":590},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/north-american-recyclers-set-sights-on-european-market",{"text":801,"type":577}," to produce ",{"text":803,"type":577,"marks":804},"black mass in Germany",[805],{"type":587,"attrs":806},{"href":807,"uuid":49,"anchor":49,"target":49,"linktype":590},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/the-bottleneck-in-the-industry-is-on-the-refining-capacity-qa-with-li-cycle-co-founder-tim-johnston",{"text":809,"type":577},". The initial plan was to later send the material to a centralised hydrometallurgical facility co-owned by ",{"text":811,"type":577,"marks":812},"Glencore in Sardinia",[813],{"type":587,"attrs":814},{"href":815,"uuid":49,"anchor":49,"target":49,"linktype":590},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/glencore-and-li-cycle-plan-to-build-europes-largest-battery-recycling-hub-in-italy",{"text":817,"type":577},". However, the government pulled its permits citing environmental concerns.",{"type":572,"attrs":819,"content":820},{"textAlign":49},[821],{"text":822,"type":577},"Li-Cycle’s central hub facility in Rochester, New York has also suffered setbacks due to unexpected rises in the costs of construction.","Recycling policy and black mass regulation have been on the minds of multiple governments in 2023. Shredding battery scrap to produce black mass, a material containing battery metals, and processing that into battery-grade materials is key to creating a circular economy. There is a rising quantity of battery scrap from gigafactory waste and end-of-life electric […]",[825],{"slug":560,"name":561,"content":826},{"job_title":563,"image":827,"bio":566,"linkedin":567},{"filename":565},"\u003C!--#storyblok#{\"name\": \"article\", \"space\": \"\", \"uid\": \"1e284614-9d80-4bd3-a920-0cf66e7755b3\", \"id\": \"\"}-->","article",[831,834],{"slug":832,"name":833},"recycling","Recycling",{"slug":835,"name":836},"sustainability","Sustainability","private",{"id":49,"alt":730,"name":730,"focus":730,"title":730,"source":730,"filename":839,"copyright":730,"fieldtype":840,"meta_data":841,"is_external_url":51},"https://a.storyblok.com/f/287943243085208/3ca5d87d92/bm-germany-spoke.jpg","asset",{"alt":730,"title":730,"source":730,"copyright":730},"Dec 27, 2023","27th December 2023",[],[],1781799345580]