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supply poses problems for post-Brexit EV trade rules","cathode-supply-poses-problems-for-post-brexit-ev-trade-rules","article/cathode-supply-poses-problems-for-post-brexit-ev-trade-rules",{"_uid":557,"date":558,"tags":559,"editor":566,"content":576,"excerpt":741,"featured":50,"reporter":742,"_editable":746,"component":747,"seo_title":553,"categories":748,"visibility":757,"author_company":49,"featured_image":758,"seo_description":741,"author_full_name":49,"author_job_title":49,"formattedDate":763,"formattedArticleDate":764},"7ac2761a-cf82-4954-b14d-58fb18f02722","2023-11-01 00:00",[560,563],{"slug":561,"name":562},"europe","Europe",{"slug":564,"name":565},"uk","UK",[567],{"slug":568,"name":569,"content":570},"didi-bostock","Didi Bostock",{"job_title":571,"image":572,"bio":574,"linkedin":575},"Editor - Energy Transition & Economics",{"filename":573},"https://a.storyblok.com/f/287943243085208/512x512/2c5ca5c1a3/didi-bostock.jpeg","Didi is the Energy Transition & Economics Editor at Benchmark, covering a broad range of markets across the energy transition. His remit spans from downstream sectors such as BESS and EVs, through to midstream such as new technologies and battery production, to upstream critical minerals mining. He also leads on financial analysis across these supply chains, alongside in-depth policy analysis.\n","https://www.linkedin.com/in/didi-bostock-656342198/",{"type":577,"content":578},"doc",[579,586,591,596,601,606,611,616,621,626,639,652,657,664,669,674,679,684,696,701,706,711,716,721,726,731,736],{"type":580,"attrs":581,"content":582},"paragraph",{"textAlign":49},[583],{"text":584,"type":585},"A lack of local cathode production could make it difficult for auto manufacturers in Europe and the UK to meet new ‘rules of origin’ trade requirements that come into force at the beginning of next year.","text",{"type":580,"attrs":587,"content":588},{"textAlign":49},[589],{"text":590,"type":585},"Under the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA), electric vehicles exported between the EU and the UK must comply with rules of origin to be traded tariff-free. The rules dictate whether a car is local enough to qualify for a preferential tariff rate, otherwise a tariff of 10% has to be paid. ",{"type":580,"attrs":592,"content":593},{"textAlign":49},[594],{"text":595,"type":585},"Expected to kick off on 1 January 2024, the new rules state that up to 60% of the battery pack value and up to 50% of the battery cell value have to originate and be locally sourced from the UK or EU.",{"type":580,"attrs":597,"content":598},{"textAlign":49},[599],{"text":600,"type":585},"Reaching this threshold could be challenging for automakers. The auto industry has urged for a renegotiation of these rules, with the European Automobile Manufacturers’ Association (ACEA) saying this could cost EU vehicle makers €4.3 billion over the next three years.",{"type":580,"attrs":602,"content":603},{"textAlign":49},[604],{"text":605,"type":585},"“The only way to avoid these duties will be to source all battery parts and some critical battery material in the EU/UK. This is practically impossible to achieve today,” the group said in a statement.",{"type":580,"attrs":607,"content":608},{"textAlign":49},[609],{"text":610,"type":585},"Under the new post-Brexit policy, for a battery to be considered local, it won’t be enough for the assembly to happen in Europe or the UK – its components will also have to be primarily domestically sourced. ",{"type":580,"attrs":612,"content":613},{"textAlign":49},[614],{"text":615,"type":585},"“The cathode active material (CAM) that is used in batteries should also be processed and sourced from the UK or EU for tariff-free trade of EVs, or at least 50% of the material value in each battery cell has to be sourced from UK or EU production, which is very challenging to achieve without originating CAM,” the Advanced Propulsion Centre said. ",{"type":580,"attrs":617,"content":618},{"textAlign":49},[619],{"text":620,"type":585},"Raw materials make up more than 65% of a battery cell cost, with cathode inputs responsible for about 56% depending on the chemistry mix, according to Benchmark. ",{"type":580,"attrs":622,"content":623},{"textAlign":49},[624],{"text":625,"type":585},"The UK and EU remain dependent on Chinese supply of cathode materials, with production in the region set to lag behind demand this decade. ",{"type":580,"attrs":627,"content":628},{"textAlign":49},[629,631],{"text":630,"type":585},"Europe is only set to account for 3% of global cathode production capacity by 2025, according to Benchmark’s ",{"text":632,"type":585,"marks":633},"Cathode Price Assessment. ",[634],{"type":635,"attrs":636},"link",{"href":637,"uuid":49,"anchor":49,"target":49,"linktype":638},"https://www.benchmarkminerals.com/price-assessments/cathode/portal/","url",{"type":580,"attrs":640,"content":641},{"textAlign":49},[642,644,650],{"text":643,"type":585},"Cathode supply in the region is forecast to reach around 20,500 tonnes per year in 2023, increasing to 315,000 tonnes per year by the end of the decade, according to ",{"text":645,"type":585,"marks":646},"Benchmark’s Cathode Forecast",[647],{"type":635,"attrs":648},{"href":649,"uuid":49,"anchor":49,"target":49,"linktype":638},"https://www.benchmarkminerals.com/forecasts/cathode/reports",{"text":651,"type":585},".",{"type":580,"attrs":653,"content":654},{"textAlign":49},[655],{"text":656,"type":585},"More time is also needed, as it can often take three to five years for a facility to become fully operational towards the target capacity.",{"type":658,"attrs":659,"content":661},"heading",{"level":660,"textAlign":49},4,[662],{"text":663,"type":585},"Auto sector calls for delay",{"type":580,"attrs":665,"content":666},{"textAlign":49},[667],{"text":668,"type":585},"The UK is the EU’s number one market for vehicle exports by volume, including EU-made battery-electric vehicles, with about one million cars exported in 2022, according to ACEA.",{"type":580,"attrs":670,"content":671},{"textAlign":49},[672],{"text":673,"type":585},"At the same time, the majority, about 57.5%, of UK-built cars are exported to the EU, with an average value of £20,900, according to the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT).",{"type":580,"attrs":675,"content":676},{"textAlign":49},[677],{"text":678,"type":585},"If the new rules are implemented, EU-made battery electric vehicles could see a £3,400 average price hike starting in January, with British-made battery electric vehicles sold in the EU increasing by an average of £3,600, the SMMT estimates.  ",{"type":580,"attrs":680,"content":681},{"textAlign":49},[682],{"text":683,"type":585},"The group has called on the UK and EU to postpone the new post-Brexit rules of origin to 2027 to avoid putting the EV transition and net zero ambitions at risk.",{"type":580,"attrs":685,"content":686},{"textAlign":49},[687,689,695],{"text":688,"type":585},"“A three-year delay to the introduction of the stricter rules of origin is a pragmatic solution. It would provide the necessary time for EU and UK gigafactories to come on stream as well as helping the development of local battery parts and critical mineral supply chains,” the SMMT said in a ",{"text":690,"type":585,"marks":691},"statement",[692],{"type":635,"attrs":693},{"href":694,"uuid":49,"anchor":49,"target":49,"linktype":638},"https://www.smmt.co.uk/2023/10/agreement-with-europe-needed-to-avoid-3400-electric-vehicle-tax-hike/",{"text":651,"type":585},{"type":580,"attrs":697,"content":698},{"textAlign":49},[699],{"text":700,"type":585},"Major automakers such as Stellantis have also urged for a delay in the implementation of tariffs to 2027, saying British plants will close if the rules are not promptly renegotiated. ",{"type":580,"attrs":702,"content":703},{"textAlign":49},[704],{"text":705,"type":585},"US-based Ford has warned that the UK doesn’t have enough local battery and components production to meet the threshold in the new rules, with these only expected to add to costs and slow down the EV transition. ",{"type":580,"attrs":707,"content":708},{"textAlign":49},[709],{"text":710,"type":585},"The new rules could potentially see a reduction in electric vehicle production by some 480,000 units, the equivalent output of two average-size auto factories, auto group ACEA said.",{"type":658,"attrs":712,"content":713},{"level":660,"textAlign":49},[714],{"text":715,"type":585},"Ongoing discussions between the EU and the UK",{"type":580,"attrs":717,"content":718},{"textAlign":49},[719],{"text":720,"type":585},"The UK government has called for a three-year delay to the introduction of the new rules of origin, in line with the claims from carmakers and trade associations. ",{"type":580,"attrs":722,"content":723},{"textAlign":49},[724],{"text":725,"type":585},"France is the only EU member state that remains opposed, while Germany leads the European push to delay the introduction of the new rules. France believes that delaying the introduction of more restrictive rules of origin would hamper the EU’s efforts to onshore battery production and develop a European lithium ion battery supply chain.",{"type":580,"attrs":727,"content":728},{"textAlign":49},[729],{"text":730,"type":585},"According to recent reports, the EU Commission would be willing to grant the UK a one-year postponement. Besides this, EU and UK officials are working on guidance on the definition of cathode active materials for electric vehicle batteries agreed in the TCA.",{"type":580,"attrs":732,"content":733},{"textAlign":49},[734],{"text":735,"type":585},"“A one-year postponement will likely not bring much relief to UK and EU car manufacturers, given the forecasted lack of cathode production in the EU and UK,” Bryan Bille, principal policy analyst at Benchmark, said. ",{"type":580,"attrs":737,"content":738},{"textAlign":49},[739],{"text":740,"type":585},"Discussions between the EU and UK are currently ongoing, ahead of a 31 December 2023 deadline. ","A lack of local cathode production could make it difficult for auto manufacturers in Europe and the UK to meet new ‘rules of origin’ trade requirements that come into force at the beginning of next year. Under the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA), electric vehicles exported between the EU and the UK must comply […]",[743],{"slug":568,"name":569,"content":744},{"job_title":571,"image":745,"bio":574,"linkedin":575},{"filename":573},"\u003C!--#storyblok#{\"name\": \"article\", \"space\": \"\", \"uid\": \"7ac2761a-cf82-4954-b14d-58fb18f02722\", \"id\": \"\"}-->","article",[749,752,754],{"slug":750,"name":751},"batteries","Batteries",{"slug":753,"name":300},"cathode",{"slug":755,"name":756},"geopolitics","Geopolitics","private",{"id":49,"alt":759,"name":759,"focus":759,"title":759,"source":759,"filename":760,"copyright":759,"fieldtype":761,"meta_data":762,"is_external_url":51},"","https://a.storyblok.com/f/287943243085208/e22e51780b/bm-european-commission-flags-e1649948622413-1.jpg","asset",{"alt":759,"title":759,"source":759,"copyright":759},"Nov 01, 2023","1st November 2023",[],[],1789982581241]