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Mid-Nickel",103.5,99.73,3.78,13.78,6.78,[518,519,520,522,524,526,528,530,532,534,536,538],{"date":213,"value":512},{"date":216,"value":513},{"date":219,"value":521},99.19,{"date":222,"value":523},96.02,{"date":225,"value":525},98.23,{"date":467,"value":527},99.24,{"date":329,"value":529},101.29,{"date":339,"value":531},87.61,{"date":341,"value":533},92.44,{"date":344,"value":535},90.96,{"date":347,"value":537},92.24,{"date":350,"value":539},95.09,{"id":541,"uuid":542,"name":543,"slug":544,"full_slug":545,"content":546,"relatedArticles":726,"relatedVideos":727},112474138285118,"0513d86e-6645-4bf7-80df-0ab76ce468d9","Coronavirus context: how reliant is the lithium ion battery supply chain on China?","coronavirus-context-chinas-role-in-the-lithium-ion-battery-supply-chain","article/coronavirus-context-chinas-role-in-the-lithium-ion-battery-supply-chain",{"_uid":547,"date":548,"tags":549,"editor":553,"content":563,"excerpt":704,"featured":50,"reporter":705,"_editable":709,"component":710,"seo_title":543,"categories":711,"visibility":718,"author_company":49,"featured_image":719,"seo_description":704,"author_full_name":49,"author_job_title":49,"formattedDate":724,"formattedArticleDate":725},"b1afe0c7-f1d2-4aa5-8a4d-4c79b66730d7","2020-02-27 00:00",[550],{"slug":551,"name":552},"china","China",[554],{"slug":555,"name":556,"content":557},"matthew-bird","Matthew Bird",{"job_title":558,"image":559,"bio":561,"linkedin":562},"Senior Editor - Supply Chains & Data Visualisation",{"filename":560},"https://a.storyblok.com/f/287943243085208/512x512/14738033ec/matthew-bird.jpeg","Matthew writes, edits and produces content for Benchmark Intelligence and Benchmark Source across the whole mine to grid supply chain. He also acts as a liaison to the press. He has a PhD in electrochemistry from the University of Nottingham.","https://www.linkedin.com/in/birdmatthew/",{"type":564,"content":565},"doc",[566,573,578,583,588,595,600,605,610,615,620,623,628,633,638,643,646,651,656,661,666,671,676,681,686,689,694,699],{"type":567,"attrs":568,"content":569},"paragraph",{"textAlign":49},[570],{"text":571,"type":572},"The coronavirus – or COVID-19 – has brought regions of China to a standstill. The pivotal role which China plays in the lithium ion battery supply chain is now being tested under the pressures of this virus, from raw material supply all the way through to battery cell production, with consequences for the entire electric vehicle value chain.","text",{"type":567,"attrs":574,"content":575},{"textAlign":49},[576],{"text":577,"type":572},"Despite reports of infection rates within China slowing, many workers continue to remain in self quarantine and transportation restricted across the country.  There have been reports of a significant reduction in activity across the supply chain.",{"type":567,"attrs":579,"content":580},{"textAlign":49},[581],{"text":582,"type":572},"From a demand perspective, the consequences are already emerging. Official figures reveal that NEV output and sales fell 55.4% and 54.4% y-o-y respectively in January. February’s figures are projected to see even greater y-o-y decreases. During the first two weeks of February, China car sales fell 92% according to the China Passenger Car Association. Subsequently, there have been further rumours that the Chinese government will not continue new energy vehicle (NEV) subsidy cuts this year.",{"type":567,"attrs":584,"content":585},{"textAlign":49},[586],{"text":587,"type":572},"As the data below indicates, China’s role in the lithium ion supply chain is critical and as such the consequences will not only be felt domestically but in other countries with any interest in the supply chain.",{"type":589,"attrs":590,"content":592},"heading",{"level":591,"textAlign":49},6,[593],{"text":594,"type":572},"China’s battery raw material role ",{"type":567,"attrs":596,"content":597},{"textAlign":49},[598],{"text":599,"type":572},"China’s role in the supply chain begins with raw material production, particularly for natural flake graphite supply, with the country responsible for 65% of supply —620,000 tonnes according to the Benchmark Minerals Graphite Forecast — in 2019.",{"type":567,"attrs":601,"content":602},{"textAlign":49},[603],{"text":604,"type":572},"However, in the other key battery raw materials China plays a lesser role. The country produces some lithium from brine sources, which accounted for 9% of global supply in 2019. For nickel and cobalt, the country produces a much smaller proportion of global supply, with 4% and 1% respectively in 2019 [Source: Benchmark Mineral Intelligence Graphite, Lithium, Nickel and Cobalt Forecast Database].",{"type":567,"attrs":606,"content":607},{"textAlign":49},[608],{"text":609,"type":572},"But it’s the processing and refining stage of the supply chain where China begins to play a significant role across battery raw materials",{"type":567,"attrs":611,"content":612},{"textAlign":49},[613],{"text":614,"type":572},"In 2019, 55% of global lithium chemical supply was produced in China, processing domestic feedstock but mostly Australian-sourced spodumene. Another key cathode material which China is integral to is cobalt: 67% of the world’s refined cobalt production came from China in 2019. 30% of refined nickel production in 2019 was located in China and while nickel as an industry is very much defined by stainless steel consumption it’s use in lithium ion batteries continues to grow with higher-nickel cathodes.",{"type":567,"attrs":616,"content":617},{"textAlign":49},[618],{"text":619,"type":572},"China is also of critical importance to the anode supply chain, with 100% of spherical graphite battery anode feedstock produced in China in 2019. The tables below outline China’s role in the first stages of the supply chain.",{"type":589,"attrs":621,"content":622},{"level":591,"textAlign":49},[],{"type":589,"attrs":624,"content":625},{"level":591,"textAlign":49},[626],{"text":627,"type":572},"Rest of the world dependence on China",{"type":567,"attrs":629,"content":630},{"textAlign":49},[631],{"text":632,"type":572},"The lithium ion supply chain is of course global, and as such the countries next in line to be affected by a slowdown in the supply chain would be Korea and Japan. Outside of China, Japan is responsible for 18% of cathode production and 14% of anode production, with Korea responsible for 16% of cathode production and 4% of anode production according to Benchmark Mineral Intelligence Anode and Cathode Market Assessments.",{"type":567,"attrs":634,"content":635},{"textAlign":49},[636],{"text":637,"type":572},"However, to maintain this share of production, producers in Korea and Japan rely heavily on Chinese materials.",{"type":567,"attrs":639,"content":640},{"textAlign":49},[641],{"text":642,"type":572},"For much of their cathode production, both Korea and Japan rely on Chinese imports of lithium hydroxide, and as such any slowdown in China’s hydroxide supply chain will hamper efforts of Korean and Japanese manufacturers. While reliant on China for hydroxide imports, both countries import the majority of their lithium carbonate product from North and South American sources, but this is insufficient to sustain their cathode industries without Chinese supply.",{"type":567,"attrs":644,"content":645},{"textAlign":49},[],{"type":567,"attrs":647,"content":648},{"textAlign":49},[649],{"text":650,"type":572},"To put these in terms of lithium ion battery cell and electric vehicle production, Japan imported 31,000 tonnes of lithium carbonate and hydroxide from China in 2019. According to Benchmark estimates, this figure equates to approximately 27 GWh of lithium ion battery cells — or 500,000 pure electric vehicles using a 55kWh battery pack. Similarly, Korea’s lithium imports of 26,000 tonnes from China equates to approximately 22GWh of battery cells and 400,000 electric vehicles.",{"type":567,"attrs":652,"content":653},{"textAlign":49},[654],{"text":655,"type":572},"While heavily reliant on Chinese sources for their cathode industries, both Korea and Japan’s anode production would cease to function without China’s spherical graphite production which provides both countries with all of their imports.",{"type":567,"attrs":657,"content":658},{"textAlign":49},[659],{"text":660,"type":572},"Needless to say, the downstream lithium ion supply chain outside of China would be affected significantly by any slowdown in Chinese supply.",{"type":589,"attrs":662,"content":663},{"level":591,"textAlign":49},[664],{"text":665,"type":572},"China’s burgeoning downstream role",{"type":567,"attrs":667,"content":668},{"textAlign":49},[669],{"text":670,"type":572},"China has also expanded its downstream capabilities to such an extent that much of the world’s downstream supply chain is now located on the Chinese mainland. Through the 2010s China took a more prominent role in the downstream sections of the lithium ion supply chain.",{"type":567,"attrs":672,"content":673},{"textAlign":49},[674],{"text":675,"type":572},"In 2013, China was responsible for 61% of anode production, by 2015 this had increased to 72% and last year it produced 82% of the world’s supply. Similarly, China’s cathode production has boomed, from 46% in 2013 to 65% in 2019 according to the latest data from our Anode & Cathode Market Assessments.",{"type":567,"attrs":677,"content":678},{"textAlign":49},[679],{"text":680,"type":572},"China has also increased its scale of production, with its cathode production volumes increasing 7x and its anode production volumes increasing 11x between 2013 and 2019.",{"type":567,"attrs":682,"content":683},{"textAlign":49},[684],{"text":685,"type":572},"China’s role is only going to increase through the 2020s as it has massive capacity expansions in the pipeline; of global anode and cathode capacity under construction China’s share is 92% and 85% respectively.",{"type":567,"attrs":687,"content":688},{"textAlign":49},[],{"type":567,"attrs":690,"content":691},{"textAlign":49},[692],{"text":693,"type":572},"It’s beyond doubt that China is integral to the lithium ion to electric vehicle supply chain. The US-China trade war brought this to the attention of US politicians, and the past 12 months have seen new efforts from legislators in the USA and Europe to develop localised supply chains. However, these are long-term efforts and will not protect OEMs from the potential consequences of the coronavirus in the short-term.",{"type":567,"attrs":695,"content":696},{"textAlign":49},[697],{"text":698,"type":572},"A slowdown within China caused by the coronavirus could have far-reaching consequences outside of China and is likely to affect western OEMs’ EV ambitions in the near-term. A delay in Chinese expansions will limit the ability of companies looking to supply volume into these supply chains, and could even prevent those trying to qualify new material from doing so —ultimately threatening western OEM’s longer-term electrification plans.",{"type":567,"attrs":700,"content":701},{"textAlign":49},[702],{"text":703,"type":572},"China is critical to all stages of the lithium ion battery supply chain and if the slowdown in China continues the impact will be felt globally. Western OEMs across the board will be taking note.","The coronavirus – or COVID-19 – has brought regions of China to a standstill. The pivotal role which China plays in the lithium ion battery supply chain is now being tested under the pressures of this virus, from raw material supply all the way through to battery cell production, with consequences for the entire electric […]",[706],{"slug":555,"name":556,"content":707},{"job_title":558,"image":708,"bio":561,"linkedin":562},{"filename":560},"\u003C!--#storyblok#{\"name\": \"article\", \"space\": \"\", \"uid\": \"b1afe0c7-f1d2-4aa5-8a4d-4c79b66730d7\", \"id\": \"\"}-->","article",[712,715],{"slug":713,"name":714},"batteries","Batteries",{"slug":716,"name":717},"critical-minerals","Critical Minerals","private",{"id":49,"alt":720,"name":720,"focus":720,"title":720,"source":720,"filename":721,"copyright":720,"fieldtype":722,"meta_data":723,"is_external_url":51},"","https://a.storyblok.com/f/287943243085208/fce360c24e/bm-beijing-e1582884037968.jpg","asset",{"alt":720,"title":720,"source":720,"copyright":720},"Feb 27, 2020","27th February 2020",[],[],1783682694266]