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and minerals","cryptocurrency-and-minerals","article/cryptocurrency-and-minerals",{"_uid":557,"date":558,"tags":559,"editor":560,"content":570,"excerpt":732,"featured":50,"reporter":733,"_editable":737,"component":738,"seo_title":553,"categories":739,"visibility":746,"author_company":49,"featured_image":747,"seo_description":732,"author_full_name":49,"author_job_title":49,"formattedDate":752,"formattedArticleDate":753},"fdedb277-0205-4857-be23-5080911bf7ce","2017-11-24 00:00",[],[561],{"slug":562,"name":563,"content":564},"matthew-bird","Matthew Bird",{"job_title":565,"image":566,"bio":568,"linkedin":569},"Senior Editor - Supply Chains & Data Visualisation",{"filename":567},"https://a.storyblok.com/f/287943243085208/512x512/14738033ec/matthew-bird.jpeg","Matthew writes, edits and produces content for Benchmark Intelligence and Benchmark Source across the whole mine to grid supply chain. He also acts as a liaison to the press. He has a PhD in electrochemistry from the University of Nottingham.","https://www.linkedin.com/in/birdmatthew/",{"type":571,"content":572},"doc",[573,580,585,590,595,600,605,612,617,622,627,630,635,640,649,654,659,664,669,674,679,684,689,694,699,704,709,714,719,724],{"type":574,"attrs":575,"content":576},"paragraph",{"textAlign":49},[577],{"text":578,"type":579},"By Daniel Koffler","text",{"type":574,"attrs":581,"content":582},{"textAlign":49},[583],{"text":584,"type":579},"Consider it for a moment. What if mining companies were able to begin selling and trading the value of deposits in the ground before they were dug up?",{"type":574,"attrs":586,"content":587},{"textAlign":49},[588],{"text":589,"type":579},"The last 12 months have seen a lot of hype surrounding potential blockchain application in many technology and financial publications and mass media in general. The public’s fascination with blockchain based cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ether has been the focal point of much of this attention.",{"type":574,"attrs":591,"content":592},{"textAlign":49},[593],{"text":594,"type":579},"Bitcoin and (to a lesser extent) Ether have become significant global value stores and are already starting to capture a significant percentage of “safe haven” value transfer that for at least of a couple of millennia has been dominated by precious materials pulled from the Earth such as gold, silver and diamonds.",{"type":574,"attrs":596,"content":597},{"textAlign":49},[598],{"text":599,"type":579},"Michelle Ash, Chief Innovation Officer at Barrick Gold recently even wondered aloud on social media as to whether Bitcoin would soon become a greater store of value than gold.",{"type":574,"attrs":601,"content":602},{"textAlign":49},[603],{"text":604,"type":579},"While this is a fascinating trend, the intent of this article is not to focus existing cryptocurrencies, but to explore some of the other significant changes blockchain technology will likely bring to the metals and mining industry in the coming years.",{"type":606,"attrs":607,"content":609},"heading",{"level":608,"textAlign":49},3,[610],{"text":611,"type":579},"Tokenisation of physical assets",{"type":574,"attrs":613,"content":614},{"textAlign":49},[615],{"text":616,"type":579},"One of the most fundamentally transformative capabilities blockchain brings to the metals and mining industry is its ability to tokenise physical items and allow for the distribution, sale and trading of these new representative digital assets without the costs and overhead involved in equivalent physical world manipulations of the asset.",{"type":574,"attrs":618,"content":619},{"textAlign":49},[620],{"text":621,"type":579},"A perfect exemplar of this capability is the RMG product developed by the UK’s Royal Mint. This year, the more than 1,000 year old Her Majesty’s Royal Mint will begin offering a blockchain based digital token called RMG (Royal Mint Gold). Each RMG is the tokenized equivalent of 1 gram of physical gold located in the Royal Mint vaults.",{"type":574,"attrs":623,"content":624},{"textAlign":49},[625],{"text":626,"type":579},"In issuing these tokens, the British Royal Mint is looking to transform the global gold trading market. Today, when you trade in gold on the spot market, you are subject to fees such as handling and warehousing fees for the gold you own on paper. These fees add up quickly and can significantly effect the cost and profitability of gold trades.",{"type":574,"attrs":628,"content":629},{"textAlign":49},[],{"type":574,"attrs":631,"content":632},{"textAlign":49},[633],{"text":634,"type":579},"The Royal Mint RMG market is designed to eliminate these extraneous fees altogether and allow much more frictionless trading and exchange of gold value. The Mint is guaranteeing that RMGs will always hold at least as much value as physical gold by promising to buy back RMGs at current gold trading prices should RMG value drop below physical gold value for more than 3 days.",{"type":574,"attrs":636,"content":637},{"textAlign":49},[638],{"text":639,"type":579},"Select Mint partners are even authorized to create, sell and trade their own derivatives based on RMGs. And to top all this off, RMGs will always be redeemable for the physical gold they represent. That’s right, you can trade in your RMGs for physical gold whenever you like.",{"type":606,"attrs":641,"content":642},{"level":608,"textAlign":49},[643,645,647],{"text":644,"type":579},"Reversing Cash",{"text":646,"type":579},"–",{"text":648,"type":579},"Flow",{"type":574,"attrs":650,"content":651},{"textAlign":49},[652],{"text":653,"type":579},"While the staid Royal Mint is very careful in its marketing of the RMG product, the global implications could be staggering. In essence this year there will be a cryptocurrency based on the gold standard (like almost all national currencies were prior to the 1970s) and it is fully backed by the British Government.",{"type":574,"attrs":655,"content":656},{"textAlign":49},[657],{"text":658,"type":579},"The implications for the metals and mining industry are even greater. The Royal Mint has tokenized metal being held in its vaults. What if mining companies could tokenise metals and other materials that are still in the ground (the best vault in the world)? Consider it again. What if mining companies were able to begin selling and trading the value of deposits in the ground before they were dug up?",{"type":574,"attrs":660,"content":661},{"textAlign":49},[662],{"text":663,"type":579},"The company could then purchase insurance against its ability to mine and deliver the metal to market. This would change the entire cash-flow structure of the mining industry. Miners would be able to produce cash based on the estimated size of exploration deposits and then pay to produce the metal.",{"type":574,"attrs":665,"content":666},{"textAlign":49},[667],{"text":668,"type":579},"The changes this would create within the metals and mining industry are staggering.",{"type":606,"attrs":670,"content":671},{"level":608,"textAlign":49},[672],{"text":673,"type":579},"Smarter Contracts, Fewer Lawyers",{"type":574,"attrs":675,"content":676},{"textAlign":49},[677],{"text":678,"type":579},"Another capability many blockchain implementations bring to the table (particularly Etherium) is the ability to create and execute smart contracts. These are the equivalent of legal contracts, yet instead of being written in legalese and possibly open to interpretation, smart contracts are written as small snippets of computer code that get executed by a triggering event. They are testable (so the outcome should never be a surprise).",{"type":574,"attrs":680,"content":681},{"textAlign":49},[682],{"text":683,"type":579},"You can create models and simulations to test various outcomes based on any number of factors, and because they execute against a blockchain, execution and settlement tend to happen simultaneously. Think about how much time, cost and risk this eliminates from current contract structures. Lawyers aren’t required to draft contracts, they simply need to assert that the agreed terms don’t violate existing laws or regulations. There is no human intervention required to execute terms of the contract.",{"type":574,"attrs":685,"content":686},{"textAlign":49},[687],{"text":688,"type":579},"For instance when product is delivered to a customer, either the customer or even the transportation vehicle itself can assert to the blockchain that delivery has happened and the terms of payment get automatically executed and settled.",{"type":574,"attrs":690,"content":691},{"textAlign":49},[692],{"text":693,"type":579},"No letters of credit, no financial institution intermediaries, no arguments, no misunderstandings, no excuses, no waiting. As more and more transaction migrate to smart contracts it may even be possible to eliminate accounts receivable and payable functions altogether. Using blockchain to prove product provenance is another interesting use case.",{"type":574,"attrs":695,"content":696},{"textAlign":49},[697],{"text":698,"type":579},"The Kimberly Process, responsible for providing certificates of origin and serial numbers to ensure diamonds on the market are not blood diamonds, is already investigating moving to a blockchain based system and it makes sense. Anywhere a paper certificate might be forged or lost is a great place to investigate using blockchain.",{"type":574,"attrs":700,"content":701},{"textAlign":49},[702],{"text":703,"type":579},"But product provenance goes beyond this. If we get production systems in metals and mining to start reporting data directly from the production process onto a blockchain system, we can instantly calculate and prove details such as product origin, custodial chain and the end to end carbon footprint involved in producing any particular tonne of ore.",{"type":574,"attrs":705,"content":706},{"textAlign":49},[707],{"text":708,"type":579},"Furthermore, if we are generating renewable energy elsewhere or buying carbon credits to offset production emissions, we can prove to our customers and regulators that we are not double counting or otherwise fudging the system. Publishing asset maintenance records onto a blockchain system would also provide a number of benefits.",{"type":574,"attrs":710,"content":711},{"textAlign":49},[712],{"text":713,"type":579},"From a regulatory standpoint we could instantly prove maintenance has been done without having to manually create and submit compliance reports internally or to regulators. Furthermore, if we were then to sell assets either due to a divestiture or shutdown, we can provide the purchaser with cradle to grave records for the assets in question.",{"type":574,"attrs":715,"content":716},{"textAlign":49},[717],{"text":718,"type":579},"Assets themselves could even query the blockchain for maintenance and operator information and be programmed to block usage if proper maintenance has not been done or the operator is not certified to operate the asset.",{"type":574,"attrs":720,"content":721},{"textAlign":49},[722],{"text":723,"type":579},"We’ve only begun to scratch the surface of some of the more interesting blockchain use cases within the metals and mining industry. The technology holds a lot of promise in almost every industry and I am very excited to see what the future will bring.",{"type":574,"attrs":725,"content":726},{"textAlign":49},[727],{"text":728,"type":579,"marks":729},"Contributor: Daniel Koffler is based in Montreal, Canada. He is Senior Manager, Emerging Technology at Rio Tinto, former CTO at Rio Tinto Alcan and has co-founded many technology start-up companies.",[730],{"type":731},"italic","By Daniel Koffler Consider it for a moment. What if mining companies were able to begin selling and trading the value of deposits in the ground before they were dug up? The last 12 months have seen a lot of hype surrounding potential blockchain application in many technology and financial publications and mass media in […]",[734],{"slug":562,"name":563,"content":735},{"job_title":565,"image":736,"bio":568,"linkedin":569},{"filename":567},"\u003C!--#storyblok#{\"name\": \"article\", \"space\": \"\", \"uid\": \"fdedb277-0205-4857-be23-5080911bf7ce\", \"id\": \"\"}-->","article",[740,743],{"slug":741,"name":742},"batteries","Batteries",{"slug":744,"name":745},"critical-minerals","Critical Minerals","private",{"id":49,"alt":748,"name":748,"focus":748,"title":748,"source":748,"filename":749,"copyright":748,"fieldtype":750,"meta_data":751,"is_external_url":51},"","https://a.storyblok.com/f/287943243085208/23755dbf5d/bm-screen-shot-2017-11-24-at-121112.png","asset",{"alt":748,"title":748,"source":748,"copyright":748},"Nov 24, 2017","24th November 2017",[],[],1792773945157]