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quality?","dry-vs-wet-shredding-which-is-best-for-black-mass-quality-","article/dry-vs-wet-shredding-which-is-best-for-black-mass-quality-",{"_uid":547,"date":548,"tags":549,"editor":555,"content":565,"excerpt":724,"featured":51,"reporter":725,"component":736,"seo_title":543,"categories":737,"visibility":740,"data_vis_image":741,"featured_image":744,"seo_description":748,"formattedDate":749,"formattedArticleDate":750},"f8afd896-d6f1-4ec5-90e3-de40d2bff283","2026-04-22 00:00",[550,552],{"slug":551,"name":373},"black-mass",{"slug":553,"name":554},"battery-recycling-technology","Battery recycling technology",[556],{"slug":557,"name":558,"content":559},"benjamin-roche","Benjamin Roche",{"job_title":560,"image":561,"bio":563,"linkedin":564},"Editor – Energy Transition Supply Chains",{"filename":562},"https://a.storyblok.com/f/287943243085208/800x800/66d6674fb8/benjamin-roche.png","Benjamin is Benchmark's Editor for Energy Transition Supply Chains, covering both upstream products like critical minerals and downstream products including energy storage systems and electric vehicles. He has previous experience covering trade flows, tariffs and the effects of geopolitics on supply chains.","https://www.linkedin.com/in/benjaminrochecontent/",{"type":566,"content":567},"doc",[568,597,619,633,641,651,659,667,678,686,694,702,708,716],{"type":569,"attrs":570,"content":571},"paragraph",{"textAlign":49},[572,580,592],{"text":573,"type":574,"marks":575},"The recycling of battery scrap typically begins with a mechanical pretreatment step to produce ","text",[576],{"type":577,"attrs":578},"textStyle",{"color":579},"#000000",{"text":581,"type":574,"marks":582},"black mass",[583,590],{"type":584,"attrs":585},"link",{"href":586,"uuid":587,"anchor":49,"target":588,"linktype":589},"/article/china-reduces-import-tariffs-for-recycled-black-mass","b30cf2f8-8f83-40e9-8d1f-5775ac7c0b60","_blank","story",{"type":577,"attrs":591},{"color":579},{"text":593,"type":574,"marks":594}," – the material which contains valuable critical minerals such as lithium, nickel and cobalt.",[595],{"type":577,"attrs":596},{"color":579},{"type":569,"attrs":598,"content":599},{"textAlign":49},[600,605,614],{"text":601,"type":574,"marks":602},"The first stage of ",[603],{"type":577,"attrs":604},{"color":579},{"text":606,"type":574,"marks":607},"this process",[608,612],{"type":584,"attrs":609},{"href":610,"uuid":611,"anchor":49,"target":588,"linktype":589},"/article/trafigura-signs-1-1-billion-offtake-agreement-with-nth-cycle-for-recycled-lithium-nickel","6d4e9c3d-6c06-4df8-9ad8-36642e31348a",{"type":577,"attrs":613},{"color":579},{"text":615,"type":574,"marks":616}," generally requires batteries be discharged, dismantled and fed directly into a shredding system. Then the shredded material is sieved, separated and classified to isolate key fractions such as aluminium, copper, plastics and the black mass.",[617],{"type":577,"attrs":618},{"color":579},{"type":569,"attrs":620,"content":621},{"textAlign":49},[622,627],{"text":623,"type":574,"marks":624},"The quality and purity of the black mass strongly influence the efficiency and economics of subsequent hydrometallurgical or pyrometallurgical refining. ",[625],{"type":577,"attrs":626},{"color":579},{"text":628,"type":574,"marks":629},"There is a balance to be struck between recovering the highest quality black mass, which translates into high payables for the producer, and limiting expenditure during pre-treatment that would detract from high quality black mass recovery.",[630],{"type":577,"attrs":631},{"color":632},"#18181B",{"type":569,"attrs":634,"content":635},{"textAlign":49},[636],{"text":637,"type":574,"marks":638},"Battery recyclers use a variety of techniques to complete this first step, and these can be broadly categorised into dry shredding and wet shredding.",[639],{"type":577,"attrs":640},{"color":579},{"type":642,"attrs":643,"content":645},"heading",{"level":644,"textAlign":49},2,[646],{"text":647,"type":574,"marks":648},"What are dry and wet shredding?",[649],{"type":577,"attrs":650},{"color":579},{"type":569,"attrs":652,"content":653},{"textAlign":49},[654],{"text":655,"type":574,"marks":656},"In dry shredding systems, batteries are mechanically reduced in an inert or controlled atmosphere to minimise fire risk. The process is comparatively simple in configuration and can be more energy efficient, as it avoids the need for liquid handling and wastewater treatment. However, strict environmental and safety controls are required to manage dust, off-gases and the risk of thermal events. The quality of the resulting black mass can be high, but careful system design is essential to prevent cross-contamination between material streams.",[657],{"type":577,"attrs":658},{"color":579},{"type":569,"attrs":660,"content":661},{"textAlign":49},[662],{"text":663,"type":574,"marks":664},"Wet shredding, by contrast, involves submerging batteries in a liquid medium during size reduction. The medium is often water or a brine solution. This approach can enhance process safety by suppressing ignition risks and reducing airborne particulate emissions. It also stabilises reactive components during shredding. However, wet systems introduce additional complexity, including liquid-solid separation, wastewater treatment and drying steps before further processing. These factors can increase capital expenditure and operational costs, and may affect the physical characteristics of the recovered black mass.",[665],{"type":577,"attrs":666},{"color":579},{"type":668,"attrs":669},"blok",{"id":670,"body":671},"4fca668a-de3d-49f6-b011-025df0116b78",[672],{"id":673,"_uid":674,"type":675,"component":676,"fixed_height":677,"use_fixed_height":50,"fixed_height_mobile":677,"fixed_height_tablet":677},"28645182","i-0937c69d-6632-4b5f-a678-13f4fd29fa54","visualisation","ContentFlourish","",{"type":642,"attrs":679,"content":680},{"level":644,"textAlign":49},[681],{"text":682,"type":574,"marks":683},"Which method is used in each region?",[684],{"type":577,"attrs":685},{"color":579},{"type":569,"attrs":687,"content":688},{"textAlign":49},[689],{"text":690,"type":574,"marks":691},"As of Q1 2026, Benchmark’s Battery Recycling Service tracks just under 400 facilities that are recorded as having shredding capability. Of these, approximately one third have publicly disclosed their operating conditions. Among the plants that have provided this information, dry shredding capacity is used four times as much as wet shredding is, with six companies operating both dry and wet lines.",[692],{"type":577,"attrs":693},{"color":632},{"type":569,"attrs":695,"content":696},{"textAlign":49},[697],{"text":698,"type":574,"marks":699},"For recyclers equipped to process material under both dry and wet conditions, the choice of method is typically determined by the nature of the incoming feedstock. Production scrap, which generally requires minimal dismantling and is often cleaner and less contaminated than end-of-life material, is particularly well suited to dry shredding. This is especially true in cases where the material has not been wetted by electrolyte, allowing operators to process it efficiently without the added complexity of liquid handling systems.",[700],{"type":577,"attrs":701},{"color":632},{"type":668,"attrs":703},{"id":670,"body":704},[705],{"id":706,"_uid":707,"type":675,"component":676,"fixed_height":677,"use_fixed_height":50,"fixed_height_mobile":677,"fixed_height_tablet":677},"28540575","i-f285ccb7-2edc-468b-b0af-928226ba69cd",{"type":569,"attrs":709,"content":710},{"textAlign":49},[711],{"text":712,"type":574,"marks":713},"Across much of Asia, recyclers tend to favour inert dry shredding. By operating in a controlled, oxygen-free atmosphere, these processes maintain a high level of safety without introducing water into the system. Avoiding water simplifies plant design, eliminates the need for wastewater treatment, and typically results in a cleaner, more consistent black mass. ",[714],{"type":577,"attrs":715},{"color":632},{"type":569,"attrs":717,"content":718},{"textAlign":49},[719],{"text":720,"type":574,"marks":721},"This ‘higher-quality’ intermediate material supports efficient hydrometallurgical refining and fits well within large-scale, vertically integrated recycling platforms. In many cases, the preference reflects a combination of process efficiency, favourable economics and tight downstream integration.",[722],{"type":577,"attrs":723},{"color":632},"The recycling of battery scrap typically begins with a mechanical pretreatment step to produce black mass – the material which contains valuable critical minerals such as lithium, nickel and cobalt.\n\nThe first stage of this process generally requires batteries be discharged, dismantled and fed directly into a shredding system. Then the shredded material is sieved, separated and classified to isolate key fractions such as aluminium, copper, plastics and the black mass.",[726],{"slug":727,"name":728,"content":729},"beatrice-browning","Beatrice Browning",{"job_title":730,"image":731,"bio":733,"linkedin":734,"markets_covered":735},"Battery Recycling Technology Lead",{"filename":732},"https://a.storyblok.com/f/287943243085208/3035x3794/a96e9c1415/beatrice-browning-2024-2.jpg","Beatrice is the Battery Recycling Technology Lead at Benchmark Mineral Intelligence, who has been working in the lithium ion battery recycling space for 6 years. She has been involved with Benchmark's recycling forecast since March 2022, tracking regional advancements in battery recycling infrastructure, technologies, and policy frameworks to build up a global understanding of the lithium-ion battery recycling market. She completed her PhD in battery recycling in March 2024, which has given her an in-depth technical understanding of lithium-ion battery recycling techniques.","https://www.linkedin.com/in/dr-beatrice-browning-20940b78/","Recycling","article",[738],{"slug":739,"name":735},"recycling","public",{"id":49,"alt":49,"name":677,"focus":49,"title":49,"source":49,"filename":677,"copyright":49,"fieldtype":742,"meta_data":743},"asset",{},{"id":745,"alt":677,"name":677,"focus":677,"title":677,"source":677,"filename":746,"copyright":677,"fieldtype":742,"meta_data":747,"is_external_url":50},106712663201583,"https://a.storyblok.com/f/287943243085208/x/92015bc417/q3-2025-black-mass-price-review-china-lifts-black-mass-import-restrictions.avif",{},"The recycling of battery scrap typically begins with a mechanical pretreatment step to produce black mass – the material which contains valuable critical minerals such as lithium, nickel and cobalt.","Apr 22, 2026","22nd April 2026",[],[],{"id":754,"uuid":755,"name":756,"slug":757,"full_slug":757,"content":758,"relatedArticles":762,"relatedVideos":763},120886048076734,"4b6fbcc0-7881-4fbb-92ee-06d1ed3f3cec","⚙️ Settings","settings",{"_uid":759,"component":757,"black_listed_email_domains":760,"_editable":761,"formattedDate":677,"formattedArticleDate":677},"8dcafbcc-28de-4388-a68e-6b41e24f31bb","direkt.se\nstreetwisereports.com\nalpha-sense.com\nafrica-energy.com\ntcs.com\nmm-markets.com\nsmr-premium.com\nsci99.com\nlondoncib.com\nyeb.com.br\nnewautomotive.org\nsina.com.cn\ngwstrategies.net\noliverwyman.com\ndazeinfo.com\ndataintelo.com\ninfyos.com\nevalueserve.com\ninsightwoo.com\ncrescendoanalytic.com\nipaglobal.com\nweare121.com\nzemek.com\nryancommodityinsights.com\nonyxsi.com\ncostmine.com\nnickhatchmining.com\naethoslabs.com\nmysteel.com\nbuzblox.com\nfutureproofconsulting.com.au\ncmgroup.net\noptelgroup.com\nberylls.com\nreputex.com\nnumber-three.net\nrobertdallison.com\nwsp.com\nafriforesight.com\npaydirt.com.au\nmetal.com\ninforma.com\nfelixstrategy.com\ncrisil.com\nantaike.com\nbatterymaterialsreview.com\nsrk.com\nglobaltrustgrp.com\nnapiermeridian.com\nprojectblue.com\nplutonic-rma.com\nrosaearth.io\ndrivesustainability.org\nminehub.com\nscsglobalservices.com\nLynxglobalintelligence.com\nsphera.com\nminespider.com\nc-resource.com\ntdi-sustainability.com\nkumi.consulting\nsc-insights.com\nkallanish.com\naboutenergy.co.uk\nenant.io\nopisnet.com\nacuitycommodities.com\nevinfocus.com\nsfa-oxford.com\ncrugroup.com\nwoodmac.com\nspglobal.com\nrolandberger.com\nrcsglobal.com\nnornik.ru\nlivista.energy\nihsmarkit.com\ncapitalightresearch.com\namegroup.com\ncapitalight.co\nsustainablelabs.io\ncommoditiesanalysis.co.uk\navicenne.com\nkearney.com\nnornickel.net\n5napier.com\nvoltility.net\ngf.com.cn\nhindenburgresearch.com\ndigbee.com\nadamasintel.com\nac-harvard.com\nsneresearch.com\ninventusbioenergy.com\nproactiveinvestors.com\nauroraer.com\nresourceworld.com\nbatteryline.com\norennia.com\nfastmarkets.com\nmsci.com\nbcg.com\nklinegroup.com\ndelta-ee.com\nskarnassociates.com\nricardo.com\ncleanhorizon.com\np3-group.com\naccenture.com\nporsche-consulting.com\numlaut.com\nadi-analytics.com\ncpmgroup.com\nilimarkets.com\nminviro.com\nmckinsey.com\ncicenergigune.com\ne4tech.com\nargusmedia.com\ndolbear.com\nerm.com\nlithium.org\nradiusq.com\ndigivla.com\njeri.co.jp\ntopology.com.tw\nsaurenergy.com\novaladvisory.com\ngsixenergy.com","\u003C!--#storyblok#{\"name\": \"settings\", \"space\": \"287943243085208\", \"uid\": \"8dcafbcc-28de-4388-a68e-6b41e24f31bb\", \"id\": \"120886048076734\"}-->",[],[],1781023365604]