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decade","flake-graphite-production-in-africa-set-to-overtake-china-this-decade","article/flake-graphite-production-in-africa-set-to-overtake-china-this-decade",{"_uid":547,"date":548,"tags":549,"editor":556,"content":566,"excerpt":714,"featured":50,"reporter":715,"_editable":719,"component":720,"seo_title":543,"categories":721,"visibility":728,"author_company":49,"featured_image":729,"seo_description":714,"author_full_name":49,"author_job_title":49,"formattedDate":734,"formattedArticleDate":735},"4ef28865-db28-47a0-984e-743e85eace2d","2022-08-02 00:00",[550,553],{"slug":551,"name":552},"africa","Africa",{"slug":554,"name":555},"data-visualisation","Data Visualisation",[557],{"slug":558,"name":559,"content":560},"matthew-bird","Matthew Bird",{"job_title":561,"image":562,"bio":564,"linkedin":565},"Senior Editor - Supply Chains & Data Visualisation",{"filename":563},"https://a.storyblok.com/f/287943243085208/512x512/14738033ec/matthew-bird.jpeg","Matthew writes, edits and produces content for Benchmark Intelligence and Benchmark Source across the whole mine to grid supply chain. He also acts as a liaison to the press. He has a PhD in electrochemistry from the University of Nottingham.","https://www.linkedin.com/in/birdmatthew/",{"type":567,"content":568},"doc",[569,576,581,596,603,608,611,616,621,626,631,636,641,646,651,656,659,664,669,674,679,684,689,694,699,704,709],{"type":570,"attrs":571,"content":572},"paragraph",{"textAlign":49},[573],{"text":574,"type":575},"Africa could overtake China as the world’s largest producer of natural graphite for lithium ion batteries as soon as 2026, according to Benchmark, in a sign of the continent’s growing importance to the electric vehicle supply chain.","text",{"type":570,"attrs":577,"content":578},{"textAlign":49},[579],{"text":580,"type":575},"Benchmark forecasts Africa to increase its share of global graphite production from 15% in 2021 to 40% in 2026. In contrast, China is set to fall from 68% to 35%, according to Benchmark’s Flake Graphite Forecast.",{"type":570,"attrs":582,"content":583},{"textAlign":49},[584,586,594],{"text":585,"type":575},"The increased supply from Africa could help diversify global battery supply chains, if processing capacity is built outside of China. At the end of July, the ",{"text":587,"type":575,"marks":588},"US Department of Energy awarded a $102 million loan to Syrah Resources",[589],{"type":590,"attrs":591},"link",{"href":592,"uuid":49,"anchor":49,"target":49,"linktype":593},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/us-doe-awards-first-battery-supply-chain-loan-to-syrah-anode-project","url",{"text":595,"type":575}," to build a processing plant in Louisiana to supply automakers such as Tesla that will be supplied with graphite from Mozambique. ",{"type":597,"attrs":598,"content":600},"heading",{"level":599,"textAlign":49},4,[601],{"text":602,"type":575},"Africa’s advantage",{"type":570,"attrs":604,"content":605},{"textAlign":49},[606],{"text":607,"type":575},"“It is relatively cost effective to mine there,” Daisy Jennings-Gray, a senior Benchmark analyst, said. “Capital costs and labour are much more competitive with China. Canada also has a history of graphite mining, but it is far more expensive to develop a project there.”",{"type":570,"attrs":609,"content":610},{"textAlign":49},[],{"type":570,"attrs":612,"content":613},{"textAlign":49},[614],{"text":615,"type":575},"Currently, flake graphite mining in the region takes place in Mozambique, Madagascar, and Tanzania, with new projects being developed in Guinea, Namibia and Uganda.",{"type":570,"attrs":617,"content":618},{"textAlign":49},[619],{"text":620,"type":575},"The companies that operate these mines come from a wide variety of countries. Syrah Resources, an Australian mining company, operates Africa’s largest mine in the Cabo Delgado region of Mozambique. Triton Minerals is another Australian miner developing graphite facilities in Mozambique.",{"type":570,"attrs":622,"content":623},{"textAlign":49},[624],{"text":625,"type":575},"Jennings-Gray said there are also a handful of Chinese companies developing projects or operating in Africa as well as some based in the US, Canada and India.",{"type":570,"attrs":627,"content":628},{"textAlign":49},[629],{"text":630,"type":575},"However, the region isn’t without its issues. “There are notable ESG concerns over mining in Africa generally, as well as other challenges recently,” Jennings-Gray said. “We have seen cylones affect Madgascar this year and there has been terrorist insurgent attacks in Mozambique too.”",{"type":597,"attrs":632,"content":633},{"level":599,"textAlign":49},[634],{"text":635,"type":575},"Mesh matters",{"type":570,"attrs":637,"content":638},{"textAlign":49},[639],{"text":640,"type":575},"Africa’s growth in graphite mining is not all suitable for battery anode production, however, Jennings-Gray noted. Flake graphite comes in various sizes, with the fine -100 mesh being the best suited for battery anodes. The larger mesh sizes can often sell for a higher price owing to the more niche applications, but there is less concern about the increase in demand for these sizes.",{"type":570,"attrs":642,"content":643},{"textAlign":49},[644],{"text":645,"type":575},"Until 2020, Benchmark’s Flake Graphite Forecast showed -100 flake graphite had the highest surplus of all sizes of flake graphite, given it is the most common flake product produced by Chinese graphite miners.",{"type":570,"attrs":647,"content":648},{"textAlign":49},[649],{"text":650,"type":575},"However, in recent years this has changed. In 2021 demand for -100 mesh graphite was greater than supply for the first time, though there was sufficient inventory of the material to cover this deficit. Given development plans at current, global supply of -100 flake graphite is set to fulfil less than half of market demand by 2031, highlighting the need to bring new projects to market.",{"type":570,"attrs":652,"content":653},{"textAlign":49},[654],{"text":655,"type":575},"Between now and 2031, Africa’s graphite production is forecast to be primarily in the larger mesh sizes, with only 40% of forecasted flake production falling within the -100 mesh size. In contrast, over 50% of Chinese domestic flake graphite production is forecast to be -100 mesh, the preferred size for processing into battery anode material.",{"type":570,"attrs":657,"content":658},{"textAlign":49},[],{"type":570,"attrs":660,"content":661},{"textAlign":49},[662],{"text":663,"type":575},"Although African graphite production is forecasted to rise beyond China’s by 2026 in absolute terms, Africa’s more even distribution of mesh sizes means China’s -100 mesh production is likely to dominate through to the end of the decade.",{"type":570,"attrs":665,"content":666},{"textAlign":49},[667],{"text":668,"type":575},"Not all mines in Africa face this issue, however. Syrah Resources’ Balama mine in Mozambique produces mostly -100 flake graphite. Tirupati Graphite’s Montepuez mine, also in Mozambique, is due to begin operating 2023, is the only other graphite mine in Africa Benchmark tracks that has over 50% of its output as -100 size graphite.",{"type":597,"attrs":670,"content":671},{"level":599,"textAlign":49},[672],{"text":673,"type":575},"China conversion",{"type":570,"attrs":675,"content":676},{"textAlign":49},[677],{"text":678,"type":575},"Although China is losing its global share of flake graphite production, Benchmark forecasts the country to continue to dominate in processing graphite into spherical graphite.",{"type":570,"attrs":680,"content":681},{"textAlign":49},[682],{"text":683,"type":575},"It currently produces 100% of spherical graphite globally, and is forecast to produce 86% in 2031. Africa, by contrast, currently has no processing capacity and Benchmark does not forecast that the region will have any even by 2040.",{"type":570,"attrs":685,"content":686},{"textAlign":49},[687],{"text":688,"type":575},"Other regions could build capacity to process African graphite, however. ",{"type":570,"attrs":690,"content":691},{"textAlign":49},[692],{"text":693,"type":575},"In the US, Benchmark forecasts Syrah’s processing capacity in Louisiana using graphite sourced from its mining operations in Mozambique will be operational next year.",{"type":570,"attrs":695,"content":696},{"textAlign":49},[697],{"text":698,"type":575},"Westwater Resources, which is also based in the US, and Nouveau Monde in Canada will also begin processing graphite into spherical graphite next year.",{"type":570,"attrs":700,"content":701},{"textAlign":49},[702],{"text":703,"type":575},"Still, Africa is unlikely to be a centre for graphite processing, leaving most countries dependent on exports to China. “Africa has always struggled to take the next step downstream in the mining industry and graphite is no exception to that,” said Jennings-Gray.",{"type":570,"attrs":705,"content":706},{"textAlign":49},[707],{"text":708,"type":575},"“Nothing that happens in Africa really goes beyond mining and the production of graphite concentrate,” Jennings-Gray said.",{"type":570,"attrs":710,"content":711},{"textAlign":49},[712],{"text":713,"type":575},"There are some plans for more integrated producers to begin operating in the region, Jennings-Gray said. “But it’s not infrastructure that Africa has had previously,” she said. “Developing new downstream processing is challenging.”","Africa could overtake China as the world’s largest producer of natural graphite for lithium ion batteries as soon as 2026, according to Benchmark, in a sign of the continent’s growing importance to the electric vehicle supply chain. Benchmark forecasts Africa to increase its share of global graphite production from 15% in 2021 to 40% in […]",[716],{"slug":558,"name":559,"content":717},{"job_title":561,"image":718,"bio":564,"linkedin":565},{"filename":563},"\u003C!--#storyblok#{\"name\": \"article\", \"space\": \"\", \"uid\": \"4ef28865-db28-47a0-984e-743e85eace2d\", \"id\": \"\"}-->","article",[722,725],{"slug":723,"name":724},"critical-minerals","Critical Minerals",{"slug":726,"name":727},"graphite","Graphite","private",{"id":49,"alt":730,"name":730,"focus":730,"title":730,"source":730,"filename":731,"copyright":730,"fieldtype":732,"meta_data":733,"is_external_url":51},"","https://a.storyblok.com/f/287943243085208/2a8e419510/bm-madagasgar-graphite-mine-e1663151995485.jpg","asset",{"alt":730,"title":730,"source":730,"copyright":730},"Aug 02, 2022","2nd August 2022",[],[],1783010382512]