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circle","full-circle","article/full-circle",{"_uid":557,"date":558,"tags":559,"editor":560,"content":570,"excerpt":730,"featured":50,"reporter":731,"_editable":735,"component":736,"seo_title":553,"categories":737,"visibility":744,"author_company":49,"featured_image":745,"seo_description":730,"author_full_name":49,"author_job_title":49,"formattedDate":750,"formattedArticleDate":751},"655ac3ae-4f80-4592-a9fc-478ed9b24ac4","2017-04-19 00:00",[],[561],{"slug":562,"name":563,"content":564},"matthew-bird","Matthew Bird",{"job_title":565,"image":566,"bio":568,"linkedin":569},"Senior Editor - Supply Chains & Data Visualisation",{"filename":567},"https://a.storyblok.com/f/287943243085208/512x512/14738033ec/matthew-bird.jpeg","Matthew writes, edits and produces content for Benchmark Intelligence and Benchmark Source across the whole mine to grid supply chain. He also acts as a liaison to the press. He has a PhD in electrochemistry from the University of Nottingham.","https://www.linkedin.com/in/birdmatthew/",{"type":571,"content":572},"doc",[573,580,585,590,595,600,605,610,615,620,625,630,635,640,645,650,655,660,665,670,675,680,685,690,695,700,705,710,715,720,725],{"type":574,"attrs":575,"content":576},"paragraph",{"textAlign":49},[577],{"text":578,"type":579},"Simon Moores","text",{"type":574,"attrs":581,"content":582},{"textAlign":49},[583],{"text":584,"type":579},"New York, 1897.",{"type":574,"attrs":586,"content":587},{"textAlign":49},[588],{"text":589,"type":579},"The first taxi cabs of New York City were put into service – pure electric vehicles that were manufactured by Pope Manufacturing Company of Boston, Massachusetts.",{"type":574,"attrs":591,"content":592},{"textAlign":49},[593],{"text":594,"type":579},"By the end of the year, 12 all electric versions of the classic horse drawn carriage, known as the electric Hanson Cab, were in operation.",{"type":574,"attrs":596,"content":597},{"textAlign":49},[598],{"text":599,"type":579},"New York was bustling with rapid economic growth and a surge in population, developing its reputation as the first port of call for the American Dream.",{"type":574,"attrs":601,"content":602},{"textAlign":49},[603],{"text":604,"type":579},"The Gilded Age was in full swing.",{"type":574,"attrs":606,"content":607},{"textAlign":49},[608],{"text":609,"type":579},"In two years, Pope’s business had grown to over 500 vehicles, each powered by 44 lead acid batteries with an average range of 30 miles.",{"type":574,"attrs":611,"content":612},{"textAlign":49},[613],{"text":614,"type":579},"They operated under a leasing system and could not be purchased outright. This allowed the company to control their maintenance that required new skills, and tackle charging infrastructure problems that we are so familiar with today.",{"type":574,"attrs":616,"content":617},{"textAlign":49},[618],{"text":619,"type":579},"Instead of installing many charging stations, drivers could pull into a designated workshop and the staff would quickly change out the spent battery for a fully charged one.",{"type":574,"attrs":621,"content":622},{"textAlign":49},[623],{"text":624,"type":579},"Pope Manufacturing became so successful that it was acquired by the Electric Vehicle Company (EVC) in 1899 which grew the business to over 1,000 vehicles in 8 years.",{"type":574,"attrs":626,"content":627},{"textAlign":49},[628],{"text":629,"type":579},"But this future was not to be.",{"type":574,"attrs":631,"content":632},{"textAlign":49},[633],{"text":634,"type":579},"A fire in 1907 destroyed a third of the fleet setting EVC on the road to bankruptcy and, arguably, changing the course of history.",{"type":574,"attrs":636,"content":637},{"textAlign":49},[638],{"text":639,"type":579},"It saw the end of the very successful all electric New York taxis and start of the wildly expensive horse drawn carriage replacement.",{"type":574,"attrs":641,"content":642},{"textAlign":49},[643],{"text":644,"type":579},"It is said that the founder of the now famed yellow cab service, the New York Taxi Company, started the business after being furious at a $5 charge (or $125 in today’s money) for a journey lasting less than a mile.",{"type":574,"attrs":646,"content":647},{"textAlign":49},[648],{"text":649,"type":579},"Money was flowing, but people were not stupid and in two years 65 internal combustion engine vehicles were imported from France and were in operation.",{"type":574,"attrs":651,"content":652},{"textAlign":49},[653],{"text":654,"type":579},"By the 1920s, General Motors and Ford began to sell mass produced gasoline powered cars, and the rest was history.",{"type":574,"attrs":656,"content":657},{"textAlign":49},[658],{"text":659,"type":579},"Therefore, Disposal and recycling of these EVC’s lead acid batteries never became a real issue until the larger format 12V batteries found their way back into cars in the mid-1960s as a source to start the engine, meaning the user did not have to manually crank the vehicle.",{"type":574,"attrs":661,"content":662},{"textAlign":49},[663],{"text":664,"type":579},"Today, the 12V lead acid automotive battery is the most recycled battery in the world according to the US Environmental Protection Agency.",{"type":574,"attrs":666,"content":667},{"textAlign":49},[668],{"text":669,"type":579},"The lead acid battery is the poster child for the industry with over 97% of cells being broken down and reused. A big part of lead acid’s recycling success is having a common chemistry, in the same format, and critically, in widespread volume.",{"type":574,"attrs":671,"content":672},{"textAlign":49},[673],{"text":674,"type":579},"Over 70m new vehicles produced each year contain a lead acid battery, which means there is still a steady flow of end-of-life batteries supplying recycling companies.",{"type":574,"attrs":676,"content":677},{"textAlign":49},[678],{"text":679,"type":579},"With recycling becoming easier and more economic than the mining of lead, over 80% of the metal the US consumes is from recycled product. And this is a global trend with recycled lead overtaking mined lead in the late 1990s as the primary source, according to the International Lead Association.",{"type":574,"attrs":681,"content":682},{"textAlign":49},[683],{"text":684,"type":579},"Lead’s success in coming full circle is something that lithium ion chemistries are seeking to replicate.",{"type":574,"attrs":686,"content":687},{"textAlign":49},[688],{"text":689,"type":579},"Those looking to recycle lithium ion batteries must make do with tiny format, single cell units from cell phones, while the best they can really hope for is a large laptop battery.",{"type":574,"attrs":691,"content":692},{"textAlign":49},[693],{"text":694,"type":579},"Each battery still only contains grams of lithium, cobalt, nickel and graphite.",{"type":574,"attrs":696,"content":697},{"textAlign":49},[698],{"text":699,"type":579},"This has been the state of play for the last decade. To make things more challenging, the rise and fall of the nickel-metalhydride battery, mainly thanks to the Toyota Prius has made recyclers more hesitant of developing a process for specific chemistries.",{"type":574,"attrs":701,"content":702},{"textAlign":49},[703],{"text":704,"type":579},"In 2017, however, the world is now a different place to 1997 when the Prius was launched.",{"type":574,"attrs":706,"content":707},{"textAlign":49},[708],{"text":709,"type":579},"Almost every new passenger electric vehicle being developed is lithium ion based and unless it is a Tesla, which uses Panasonic’s nickel cobalt aluminium (NCA) chemistry, it is most likely to be a nickel cobalt manganese (NCM) battery.",{"type":574,"attrs":711,"content":712},{"textAlign":49},[713],{"text":714,"type":579},"Recycling plans for the future are also helped by the continued surge in lithium ion megafactories that are in the pipeline.",{"type":574,"attrs":716,"content":717},{"textAlign":49},[718],{"text":719,"type":579},"In Q1, the battery megafactories tracked by Benchmark Mineral Intelligence rose to 15 after Korea’s SK Innovation announced a doubling of capacity to 4GWh, a move designed to ensure Mercedes has enough supply for its new EVs.",{"type":574,"attrs":721,"content":722},{"textAlign":49},[723],{"text":724,"type":579},"As the industry continues its capacity build out, a global expansion that is focused on two mainstream chemistries, it is only a matter of time before the recycling loop is closed and lithium ion comes full circle.",{"type":574,"attrs":726,"content":727},{"textAlign":49},[728],{"text":729,"type":579},"Incidentally, New York City is now working with Nissan to bring back electric vehicles, 110 years after they were taken off its streets, completing the revolution.","Simon Moores New York, 1897. The first taxi cabs of New York City were put into service – pure electric vehicles that were manufactured by Pope Manufacturing Company of Boston, Massachusetts. By the end of the year, 12 all electric versions of the classic horse drawn carriage, known as the electric Hanson Cab, were in […]",[732],{"slug":562,"name":563,"content":733},{"job_title":565,"image":734,"bio":568,"linkedin":569},{"filename":567},"\u003C!--#storyblok#{\"name\": \"article\", \"space\": \"\", \"uid\": \"655ac3ae-4f80-4592-a9fc-478ed9b24ac4\", \"id\": \"\"}-->","article",[738,741],{"slug":739,"name":740},"batteries","Batteries",{"slug":742,"name":743},"critical-minerals","Critical Minerals","private",{"id":49,"alt":746,"name":746,"focus":746,"title":746,"source":746,"filename":747,"copyright":746,"fieldtype":748,"meta_data":749,"is_external_url":51},"","https://a.storyblok.com/f/287943243085208/94ce0dd947/bm-screen-shot-2017-04-19-at-165936.png","asset",{"alt":746,"title":746,"source":746,"copyright":746},"Apr 19, 2017","19th April 2017",[],[],1792769843187]