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production?","how-much-control-do-chinese-companies-have-over-global-lithium-production","article/how-much-control-do-chinese-companies-have-over-global-lithium-production",{"_uid":547,"date":548,"tags":549,"editor":556,"content":566,"excerpt":800,"featured":51,"reporter":801,"_editable":805,"component":806,"seo_title":543,"categories":807,"visibility":813,"author_company":49,"data_vis_image":814,"featured_image":818,"seo_description":800,"author_full_name":49,"author_job_title":49,"formattedDate":821,"formattedArticleDate":822},"85a9a103-5f0b-4493-95ef-54c0a24b763e","2024-05-13 00:00",[550,553],{"slug":551,"name":552},"china","China",{"slug":554,"name":555},"data-visualisation","Data Visualisation",[557],{"slug":558,"name":559,"content":560},"matthew-bird","Matthew Bird",{"job_title":561,"image":562,"bio":564,"linkedin":565},"Senior Editor - Supply Chains & Data Visualisation",{"filename":563},"https://a.storyblok.com/f/287943243085208/512x512/14738033ec/matthew-bird.jpeg","Matthew writes, edits and produces content for Benchmark Intelligence and Benchmark Source across the whole mine to grid supply chain. He also acts as a liaison to the press. He has a PhD in electrochemistry from the University of Nottingham.","https://www.linkedin.com/in/birdmatthew/",{"type":567,"content":568},"doc",[569,594,614,627,632,641,648,653,661,666,671,689,709,728,739,747,752,757,762,767,772,777,782],{"type":570,"attrs":571,"content":572},"paragraph",{"textAlign":49},[573,576,584,586,592],{"text":574,"type":575},"Lithium chemical supply is ","text",{"text":577,"type":575,"marks":578},"dominated by China",[579],{"type":580,"attrs":581},"link",{"href":582,"uuid":49,"anchor":49,"target":49,"linktype":583},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/infographic-chinas-lithium-ion-battery-supply-chain-dominance","url",{"text":585,"type":575},", with around two-thirds of last year’s supply involving Chinese companies, and most ",{"text":587,"type":575,"marks":588},"facilities being located in China",[589],{"type":580,"attrs":590},{"href":591,"uuid":49,"anchor":49,"target":49,"linktype":583},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/chinas-lithium-vulnerability-reliance-on-imports-set-to-rise-this-decade",{"text":593,"type":575},".",{"type":570,"attrs":595,"content":596},{"textAlign":49},[597,599,605,607,613],{"text":598,"type":575},"Upstream, however, China was the source of just 20% of ",{"text":600,"type":575,"marks":601},"mined lithium",[602],{"type":580,"attrs":603},{"href":604,"uuid":49,"anchor":49,"target":49,"linktype":583},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/ex-china-lithium-premium-highlights-a-market-still-short-of-supply",{"text":606,"type":575}," in 2023, reports ",{"text":608,"type":575,"marks":609},"Benchmark’s Lithium Forecast",[610],{"type":580,"attrs":611},{"href":612,"uuid":49,"anchor":49,"target":49,"linktype":583},"https://www.benchmarkminerals.com/forecasts/lithium/reports/",{"text":593,"type":575},{"type":570,"attrs":615,"content":616},{"textAlign":49},[617,619,625],{"text":618,"type":575},"Despite this, Chinese companies are associated with 59% of ",{"text":620,"type":575,"marks":621},"global mined supplies of lithium",[622],{"type":580,"attrs":623},{"href":624,"uuid":49,"anchor":49,"target":49,"linktype":583},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/video/watch/analyst-insights-lithium-sustainability-risks-in-china-africa-and-south-america",{"text":626,"type":575},". A large proportion of these assets are located in Australia, though increasingly Chinese companies are diversifying into other regions.",{"type":570,"attrs":628,"content":629},{"textAlign":49},[630],{"text":631,"type":575},"“Australia is becoming more cautious when it comes to Chinese investment in critical metals like lithium,” Xiaobai Liu, a lithium analyst at Benchmark, said.",{"type":570,"attrs":633,"content":634},{"textAlign":49},[635],{"type":636,"attrs":637},"image",{"id":49,"alt":638,"src":639,"title":49,"source":49,"copyright":49,"meta_data":640},"Chart titled China's outsized investment in lithium mining","https://a.storyblok.com/f/287943243085208/68ed78da25/bm-china-operation-vs-ownership-lithium.png",{},{"type":642,"attrs":643,"content":645},"heading",{"level":644,"textAlign":49},4,[646],{"text":647,"type":575},"Where are Chinese companies operating?",{"type":570,"attrs":649,"content":650},{"textAlign":49},[651],{"text":652,"type":575},"In 2023, 82% of lithium mined in Australia was associated with Chinese companies. The presence of Chinese companies in Australian lithium mining is expected to continue to 2030, though a lower proportion of assets are forecast to be associated with such companies.",{"type":570,"attrs":654,"content":655},{"textAlign":49},[656],{"type":636,"attrs":657},{"id":49,"alt":658,"src":659,"title":49,"source":49,"copyright":49,"meta_data":660},"Chart showing how much mined lithium supply is associated with China","https://a.storyblok.com/f/287943243085208/7ab9db167f/bm-world-vs-china-ownership-lithium-growth.png",{},{"type":570,"attrs":662,"content":663},{"textAlign":49},[664],{"text":665,"type":575},"Liu notes that beyond Australia, Chinese companies are making significant investments in Argentinian brine assets and hard-rock African deposits.",{"type":570,"attrs":667,"content":668},{"textAlign":49},[669],{"text":670,"type":575},"South America is the second largest region for lithium production with almost three-quarters of the region’s output coming from Chile. Gabriel Boric, the country’s president, began nationalising Chile’s lithium industry in 2023.",{"type":570,"attrs":672,"content":673},{"textAlign":49},[674,679,686],{"text":675,"type":575,"marks":676},"Watch Benchmark analysts discuss lithium and resource nationalism in this ",[677],{"type":678},"italic",{"text":680,"type":575,"marks":681},"Webinar playback",[682,685],{"type":580,"attrs":683},{"href":684,"uuid":49,"anchor":49,"target":49,"linktype":583},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/video/watch/lithium-and-resource-nationalism-shifting-policies-in-chile-and-the-impact-on-lithium-in-south-america",{"type":678},{"text":593,"type":575,"marks":687},[688],{"type":678},{"type":570,"attrs":690,"content":691},{"textAlign":49},[692,694,700,702,707],{"text":693,"type":575},"As such, no Chilean lithium assets are directly owned by Chinese entities. From 2025, the Chilean lithium assets of SQM and Albemarle, will fall under the majority ownership (50% plus one share) by the ",{"text":695,"type":575,"marks":696},"National Copper Company",[697],{"type":580,"attrs":698},{"href":699,"uuid":49,"anchor":49,"target":49,"linktype":583},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/sqm-forms-private-public-partnership-with-codelco-for-chilean-lithium-production",{"text":701,"type":575}," through ",{"text":703,"type":575,"marks":704},"new private-public partnerships",[705],{"type":580,"attrs":706},{"href":699,"uuid":49,"anchor":49,"target":49,"linktype":583},{"text":708,"type":575},". SQM itself is 20% owned by China’s Tianqi Lithium, however.",{"type":570,"attrs":710,"content":711},{"textAlign":49},[712,718,720,726],{"text":713,"type":575,"marks":714},"Argentina",[715],{"type":580,"attrs":716},{"href":717,"uuid":49,"anchor":49,"target":49,"linktype":583},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/what-does-javier-mileis-election-in-argentina-mean-for-lithium-mining",{"text":719,"type":575}," has a more favourable ",{"text":721,"type":575,"marks":722},"policy environment",[723],{"type":580,"attrs":724},{"href":725,"uuid":49,"anchor":49,"target":49,"linktype":583},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/video/watch/analyst-insights-what-the-election-of-argentinas-president-milei-means-for-lithium",{"text":727,"type":575}," for Chinese entities operating in the country, and so has been China’s main focus in South America. Chinese companies had direct ownership stakes in 12% of Argentina’s lithium output last year, though this is forecast to rise to 52% by 2030.",{"type":570,"attrs":729,"content":730},{"textAlign":49},[731,737],{"text":732,"type":575,"marks":733},"Africa’s lithium scene",[734],{"type":580,"attrs":735},{"href":736,"uuid":49,"anchor":49,"target":49,"linktype":583},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/africas-lithium-supply-to-treble-this-year-china-dominates-region",{"text":738,"type":575}," is rapidly growing and is strongly supported by Chinese companies through the belt-and-road initiative. Such companies will have involvement in 86% of the continent’s mined lithium output by 2030.",{"type":570,"attrs":740,"content":741},{"textAlign":49},[742],{"type":636,"attrs":743},{"id":49,"alt":744,"src":745,"title":49,"source":49,"copyright":49,"meta_data":746},"Chart showing where the lithium mines with Chinese companies associated are located","https://a.storyblok.com/f/287943243085208/25f84876e3/bm-where-are-chinese-owned-mines-lithium-located.png",{},{"type":642,"attrs":748,"content":749},{"level":644,"textAlign":49},[750],{"text":751,"type":575},"Governments are increasingly cautious",{"type":570,"attrs":753,"content":754},{"textAlign":49},[755],{"text":756,"type":575},"The US has made very clear its desire to limit to Chinese involvement in any supply chains associated with the energy transition, through the Foreign Entity of Concern clause in the Inflation Reduction Act, which can include Chinese-owned or part-owned companies.",{"type":570,"attrs":758,"content":759},{"textAlign":49},[760],{"text":761,"type":575},"Any vehicle that contains battery components manufactured by an FEOC or critical minerals from an FEOC will be ineligible for the 30D New Clean Vehicle Credit from 2024 and 2025, respectively.",{"type":570,"attrs":763,"content":764},{"textAlign":49},[765],{"text":766,"type":575},"This has led China to seek out lithium resources in countries more open to Chinese investment such as Argentina or those in Africa.",{"type":570,"attrs":768,"content":769},{"textAlign":49},[770],{"text":771,"type":575},"In North America, in addition to the US, both the Canadian and Mexican governments have previously acted to limit the involvement of Chinese companies in the operation of their lithium assets.",{"type":570,"attrs":773,"content":774},{"textAlign":49},[775],{"text":776,"type":575},"“Chinese businesses had previously held a small stake in some lithium assets in Canada, but they were obliged to sell after the Canadian government identified lithium as one of the essential resources for the development of electric vehicles,” Liu said. “A similar story happened to Chinese investment in Mexico when the mining right of Ganfeng Lithium over Sonora project was annulled by the Mexican government.”",{"type":642,"attrs":778,"content":779},{"level":644,"textAlign":49},[780],{"text":781,"type":575},"Join us at Giga APAC 2024",{"type":570,"attrs":783,"content":784},{"textAlign":49},[785,789,796],{"text":786,"type":575,"marks":787},"Discussions on Asia Pacific’s battery market will continue at Benchmark’s ",[788],{"type":678},{"text":790,"type":575,"marks":791},"Giga APAC 2024",[792,795],{"type":580,"attrs":793},{"href":794,"uuid":49,"anchor":49,"target":49,"linktype":583},"https://benchmarkevents.benchmarkminerals.com/gigaapac24",{"type":678},{"text":797,"type":575,"marks":798}," conference being held September 11-12 at the Ritz Carlton in Perth, Australia.",[799],{"type":678},"Lithium chemical supply is dominated by China, with around two-thirds of last year’s supply involving Chinese companies, and most facilities being located in China. Upstream, however, China was the source of just 20% of mined lithium in 2023, reports Benchmark’s Lithium Forecast. Despite this, Chinese companies are associated with 59% of global mined supplies of […]",[802],{"slug":558,"name":559,"content":803},{"job_title":561,"image":804,"bio":564,"linkedin":565},{"filename":563},"\u003C!--#storyblok#{\"name\": \"article\", \"space\": \"\", \"uid\": \"85a9a103-5f0b-4493-95ef-54c0a24b763e\", \"id\": \"\"}-->","article",[808,811],{"slug":809,"name":810},"critical-minerals","Critical Minerals",{"slug":812,"name":8},"lithium","private",{"id":49,"alt":638,"name":815,"focus":815,"title":638,"source":815,"filename":639,"copyright":815,"fieldtype":816,"meta_data":817,"is_external_url":51},"","asset",{"alt":638,"title":638,"source":815,"copyright":815},{"id":49,"alt":815,"name":815,"focus":815,"title":815,"source":815,"filename":819,"copyright":815,"fieldtype":816,"meta_data":820,"is_external_url":51},"https://a.storyblok.com/f/287943243085208/4c0b98690a/bm-ore-1-v2.jpg",{"alt":815,"title":815,"source":815,"copyright":815},"May 13, 2024","13th May 2024",[],[],1786723778634]