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Mid-Nickel",103.5,99.73,3.78,13.78,6.78,[518,519,520,522,524,526,528,530,532,534,536,538],{"date":213,"value":512},{"date":216,"value":513},{"date":219,"value":521},99.19,{"date":222,"value":523},96.02,{"date":225,"value":525},98.23,{"date":467,"value":527},99.24,{"date":329,"value":529},101.29,{"date":339,"value":531},87.61,{"date":341,"value":533},92.44,{"date":344,"value":535},90.96,{"date":347,"value":537},92.24,{"date":350,"value":539},95.09,{"id":541,"uuid":542,"name":543,"slug":544,"full_slug":545,"content":546,"relatedArticles":770,"relatedVideos":771},112470305937241,"3512dc61-ce9f-4ecf-901a-8196e1368196","In charts: China’s rare earths monopoly ","in-charts-chinas-rare-earths-monopoly","article/in-charts-chinas-rare-earths-monopoly",{"_uid":547,"date":548,"tags":549,"editor":550,"content":560,"excerpt":748,"featured":50,"reporter":749,"_editable":753,"component":754,"seo_title":543,"categories":755,"visibility":761,"author_company":49,"featured_image":762,"seo_description":748,"author_full_name":49,"author_job_title":49,"formattedDate":768,"formattedArticleDate":769},"dcdc9f0e-96f4-4bd5-90bb-03de2811ab0d","2023-12-08 00:00",[],[551],{"slug":552,"name":553,"content":554},"didi-bostock","Didi Bostock",{"job_title":555,"image":556,"bio":558,"linkedin":559},"Editor - Energy Transition & Economics",{"filename":557},"https://a.storyblok.com/f/287943243085208/512x512/2c5ca5c1a3/didi-bostock.jpeg","Didi is the Energy Transition & Economics Editor at Benchmark, covering a broad range of markets across the energy transition. His remit spans from downstream sectors such as BESS and EVs, through to midstream such as new technologies and battery production, to upstream critical minerals mining. He also leads on financial analysis across these supply chains, alongside in-depth policy analysis.\n","https://www.linkedin.com/in/didi-bostock-656342198/",{"type":561,"content":562},"doc",[563,580,585,598,603,608,613,618,625,636,641,646,655,660,665,670,675,680,685,695,700,705,710,715,720,725,733,740],{"type":564,"attrs":565,"content":566},"paragraph",{"textAlign":49},[567,570,578],{"text":568,"type":569},"China’s rare earths industry is unrivaled: the country is forecast to produce 99.9% of global processed dysprosium (Dy) and 80% of processed praseodymium-neodymium (PrNd) in 2023, according to ","text",{"text":571,"type":569,"marks":572},"Benchmark’s Rare Earths Forecast",[573],{"type":574,"attrs":575},"link",{"href":576,"uuid":49,"anchor":49,"target":49,"linktype":577},"https://www.benchmarkminerals.com/forecasts/rare-earths/reports/","url",{"text":579,"type":569},".",{"type":564,"attrs":581,"content":582},{"textAlign":49},[583],{"text":584,"type":569},"The size of China’s global share and close government control over industrial output has also given the country immense influence over rare earths prices, posing problems for buildout elsewhere. ",{"type":564,"attrs":586,"content":587},{"textAlign":49},[588,590,596],{"text":589,"type":569},"For example, China has ",{"text":591,"type":569,"marks":592},"continually raised rare earth output quotas from 2020",[593],{"type":574,"attrs":594},{"href":595,"uuid":49,"anchor":49,"target":49,"linktype":577},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/chinas-latest-rare-earths-quota-could-sustain-weak-prices",{"text":597,"type":569}," onwards despite low demand over 2023, leading to oversupply and low prices. This benefits domestic players while making it more difficult for fledgling producers elsewhere.",{"type":564,"attrs":599,"content":600},{"textAlign":49},[601],{"text":602,"type":569},"“The ability for Chinese producers to expand so rapidly is a serious risk for a large number of greenfield projects outside of China, who need a supportive pricing outlook,” said Neha Mukherjee, a rare earths analyst at Benchmark.",{"type":564,"attrs":604,"content":605},{"textAlign":49},[606],{"text":607,"type":569},"A recent State Council meeting chaired by Premier Li Qiang in early November stressed the need for more standardisation and coordination across rare earths research, mine exploration, development, utilisation and industrial management.",{"type":564,"attrs":609,"content":610},{"textAlign":49},[611],{"text":612,"type":569},"This extends an ongoing government programme first announced in 2020 to further develop the domestic rare sector, primarily by increasing state surveillance across the supply chain.",{"type":564,"attrs":614,"content":615},{"textAlign":49},[616],{"text":617,"type":569},"“China wants to ensure that they continue holding its rare earths monopoly now that the West is trying to reduce its dependence on Chinese supply,” said Mukherjee.",{"type":619,"attrs":620,"content":622},"heading",{"level":621,"textAlign":49},4,[623],{"text":624,"type":569},"China unchallenged as dysprosium processor despite low mining share",{"type":564,"attrs":626,"content":627},{"textAlign":49},[628,634],{"text":629,"type":569,"marks":630},"High-value rare earths",[631],{"type":574,"attrs":632},{"href":633,"uuid":49,"anchor":49,"target":49,"linktype":577},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/video/watch/the-role-of-rare-earths-in-the-energy-transition",{"text":635,"type":569}," such as Dy and PrNd have strategic importance as inputs for rare earth permanent magnets (REPMs), their primary end use. ",{"type":564,"attrs":637,"content":638},{"textAlign":49},[639],{"text":640,"type":569},"REPMs generate powerful drive forces inside wind turbines, electric vehicles (EVs), personal electronics, and industrial machinery. Some rare earths are also used to make advanced defence equipment.",{"type":564,"attrs":642,"content":643},{"textAlign":49},[644],{"text":645,"type":569},"China is the globally dominant player across all rare earths and at each step of the value chain, from mining to rare earths magnet production. However, the size of its lead varies by element as well as by supply chain segment. ",{"type":564,"attrs":647,"content":648},{"textAlign":49},[649],{"type":650,"attrs":651},"image",{"id":49,"alt":652,"src":653,"title":49,"source":49,"copyright":49,"meta_data":654},"China global share of mined and processed praseodymium-neodymium and dysprosium, 2023, 2028","https://a.storyblok.com/f/287943243085208/d9a5e5d7b8/bm-screenshot-2023-12-08-141438-1.png",{},{"type":564,"attrs":656,"content":657},{"textAlign":49},[658],{"text":659,"type":569},"In dysprosium processing, for example, China will remain virtually unchallenged for the foreseeable future. It is forecast to produce almost all of global supply in 2023 and 97% by 2028. ",{"type":564,"attrs":661,"content":662},{"textAlign":49},[663],{"text":664,"type":569},"China has achieved this despite having a relatively low share of global mined dysprosium output. In 2023, it will contribute half the world’s mined dysprosium supply, falling to 47% in 2028. ",{"type":564,"attrs":666,"content":667},{"textAlign":49},[668],{"text":669,"type":569},"Yet China’s domestic mining capacity alone does not give a full picture of its control over this supply chain. Chinese companies dominate rare earth mining in neighbouring Myanmar, the second biggest producer of dysprosium globally. The two countries together represent 92% of global mined dysprosium production in 2023, falling to 71% in  2028. ",{"type":564,"attrs":671,"content":672},{"textAlign":49},[673],{"text":674,"type":569},"Finally, growth in mined output in other parts of the world are likely to benefit China’s processing industry too. Minimal processing capacity buildout in countries that are set to increase dysprosium ore output, such as in Australia and Brazil, means a lot of raw material from here will continue to end up in China for processing. ",{"type":619,"attrs":676,"content":677},{"level":621,"textAlign":49},[678],{"text":679,"type":569},"China will lose some global share in mined PrNd",{"type":564,"attrs":681,"content":682},{"textAlign":49},[683],{"text":684,"type":569},"The PrNd supply chain is headed for slightly greater geographical diversification by the end of the decade as deposits are relatively more dispersed compared to dysprosium. ",{"type":564,"attrs":686,"content":687},{"textAlign":49},[688,690,694],{"text":689,"type":569},"Between 2023 and 2028, there will be a 145% increase in the number of operating PrNd mines outside of China, primarily in Australia and Africa. This will push China’s global share of mined PrNd down 9 percentage points between now and 2028 from 73% to 64%, according to ",{"text":571,"type":569,"marks":691},[692],{"type":574,"attrs":693},{"href":576,"uuid":49,"anchor":49,"target":49,"linktype":577},{"text":579,"type":569},{"type":564,"attrs":696,"content":697},{"textAlign":49},[698],{"text":699,"type":569},"Still, China’s sizable PrNd mines means it will retain a comfortable majority of global share. It has three of the world’s five biggest, including Baiyun Ebo, the top producer. In 2023, this single asset is forecast to produce almost double the combined production of all ex-China assets. ",{"type":564,"attrs":701,"content":702},{"textAlign":49},[703],{"text":704,"type":569},"Even by 2028, China’s two largest PrNd mines are still forecast to produce 12% more than all ex-China assets combined. ",{"type":564,"attrs":706,"content":707},{"textAlign":49},[708],{"text":709,"type":569},"In addition, prices for the mined material need to be competitive and China will still have an advantage on this, according to Mukherjee.",{"type":619,"attrs":711,"content":712},{"level":621,"textAlign":49},[713],{"text":714,"type":569},"Ex-China PrNd processing to grow",{"type":564,"attrs":716,"content":717},{"textAlign":49},[718],{"text":719,"type":569},"Ex-China PrNd processing capacity will also grow between now and 2028, mainly driven by the US, followed by Malaysia and Australia, pushing China’s share of global processed PrNd from 82% this year to 73% in 2028.",{"type":564,"attrs":721,"content":722},{"textAlign":49},[723],{"text":724,"type":569},"The percentage point drop in China’s global share of processed PrNd will be slightly smaller than for its share of mined material. This is because processing buildout tends to lag expansions in mining capacity. ",{"type":564,"attrs":726,"content":727},{"textAlign":49},[728],{"type":650,"attrs":729},{"id":49,"alt":730,"src":731,"title":49,"source":49,"copyright":49,"meta_data":732},"China versus rest of world in processed praeseodymium-neodymium prnd 2023 and 2028","https://a.storyblok.com/f/287943243085208/208d964416/bm-screenshot-2023-12-08-141936.png",{},{"type":564,"attrs":734,"content":735},{"textAlign":49},[736,738],{"text":737,"type":569},"Chinese dominance in PrNd processing relies on a handful of key producers. These include three of the world’s five biggest: China Northern, China Rare Earth Group, and Shenghe Resources, which will be responsible for the vast majority of China’s output through to 2028.",{"text":739,"type":569},"China’s top PrNd processor is state-owned China Northern, set to produce almost five times more PrNd oxide than all ex-China processors in the world combined in 2023 and 57% more in 2028.",{"type":564,"attrs":741,"content":742},{"textAlign":49},[743],{"type":650,"attrs":744},{"id":49,"alt":745,"src":746,"title":49,"source":49,"copyright":49,"meta_data":747},"China Northern (top PrNd processor) versus all ex-China PrNd processors in 2023 and 2028","https://a.storyblok.com/f/287943243085208/6c7c1ed2ff/bm-screenshot-2023-12-08-142848.png",{},"China’s rare earths industry is unrivaled: the country is forecast to produce 99.9% of global processed dysprosium (Dy) and 80% of processed praseodymium-neodymium (PrNd) in 2023, according to Benchmark’s Rare Earths Forecast. The size of China’s global share and close government control over industrial output has also given the country immense influence over rare earths […]",[750],{"slug":552,"name":553,"content":751},{"job_title":555,"image":752,"bio":558,"linkedin":559},{"filename":557},"\u003C!--#storyblok#{\"name\": \"article\", \"space\": \"\", \"uid\": \"dcdc9f0e-96f4-4bd5-90bb-03de2811ab0d\", \"id\": \"\"}-->","article",[756,759],{"slug":757,"name":758},"new-energy","New Energy",{"slug":760,"name":414},"rare-earths","private",{"id":49,"alt":763,"name":764,"focus":764,"title":763,"source":764,"filename":765,"copyright":764,"fieldtype":766,"meta_data":767,"is_external_url":51},"the workshop of a Rare Earth production enterprise in jiangxi province, central China.","","https://a.storyblok.com/f/287943243085208/a2daf616f5/bm-shutterstock-1410095645.jpg","asset",{"alt":763,"title":763,"source":764,"copyright":764},"Dec 08, 2023","8th December 2023",[],[],1781107339232]