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Mid-Nickel",103.5,99.73,3.78,13.78,6.78,[518,519,520,522,524,526,528,530,532,534,536,538],{"date":213,"value":512},{"date":216,"value":513},{"date":219,"value":521},99.19,{"date":222,"value":523},96.02,{"date":225,"value":525},98.23,{"date":467,"value":527},99.24,{"date":329,"value":529},101.29,{"date":339,"value":531},87.61,{"date":341,"value":533},92.44,{"date":344,"value":535},90.96,{"date":347,"value":537},92.24,{"date":350,"value":539},95.09,{"id":541,"uuid":542,"name":543,"slug":544,"full_slug":545,"content":546,"relatedArticles":770,"relatedVideos":771},112470720264225,"001e09f0-706c-40c0-921d-1bc37f266a2b","Rare earth magnets unlikely to be substituted any time soon","rare-earth-magnets-unlikely-to-be-substituted-any-time-soon","article/rare-earth-magnets-unlikely-to-be-substituted-any-time-soon",{"_uid":547,"date":548,"tags":549,"editor":553,"content":563,"excerpt":748,"featured":50,"reporter":749,"_editable":753,"component":754,"seo_title":543,"categories":755,"visibility":761,"author_company":49,"featured_image":762,"seo_description":748,"author_full_name":49,"author_job_title":49,"formattedDate":768,"formattedArticleDate":769},"c952c5d7-6c4c-494e-a164-90ef74a477da","2023-09-27 00:00",[550],{"slug":551,"name":552},"battery-gigafactories-asia-pacific-2023","Battery Gigafactories Asia Pacific 2023",[554],{"slug":555,"name":556,"content":557},"matthew-bird","Matthew Bird",{"job_title":558,"image":559,"bio":561,"linkedin":562},"Senior Editor - Supply Chains & Data Visualisation",{"filename":560},"https://a.storyblok.com/f/287943243085208/512x512/14738033ec/matthew-bird.jpeg","Matthew writes, edits and produces content for Benchmark Intelligence and Benchmark Source across the whole mine to grid supply chain. He also acts as a liaison to the press. He has a PhD in electrochemistry from the University of Nottingham.","https://www.linkedin.com/in/birdmatthew/",{"type":564,"content":565},"doc",[566,573,578,583,588,593,598,605,610,615,620,625,630,635,640,645,650,655,660,665,670,675,680,685,690,695,700,705,710,715,720,725,730,745],{"type":567,"attrs":568,"content":569},"paragraph",{"textAlign":49},[570],{"text":571,"type":572},"Rare earths demand will remain robust through to 2040 as the elements’ properties make them difficult to reduce or substitute without lowering performance in end use applications, according to Benchmark analyst Daan de Jonge.","text",{"type":567,"attrs":574,"content":575},{"textAlign":49},[576],{"text":577,"type":572},"Neodymium, praseodymium, samarium, terbium, and dysprosium hold the highest market value of the 17 rare earths, used mainly as inputs for the alloys of rare earths permanent magnets (REPMs). ",{"type":567,"attrs":579,"content":580},{"textAlign":49},[581],{"text":582,"type":572},"REPMs are used in a range of high growth sectors like wind power, electric vehicles (EVs), personal electronics, and industrial machinery. Yet, thanks to price volatility and production centring heavily on China, some companies including Tesla aim to eliminate them from their products. ",{"type":567,"attrs":584,"content":585},{"textAlign":49},[586],{"text":587,"type":572},"Despite these pressures, De Jonge argues rare earths will remain essential to a wide sweep of industries.",{"type":567,"attrs":589,"content":590},{"textAlign":49},[591],{"text":592,"type":572},"“The key thing to consider is that REPMs are by far the most efficient type of magnet in the market today … so if you substitute them out, you have to make sacrifices elsewhere,” he said during a keynote presentation at Benchmark’s Battery Gigafactories Asia Pacific event in Tokyo. ",{"type":567,"attrs":594,"content":595},{"textAlign":49},[596],{"text":597,"type":572},"Apart from sustained demand growth, Chinese dominance of the rare earths supply chain will be another continuity over this decade, according to de Jonge.",{"type":599,"attrs":600,"content":602},"heading",{"level":601,"textAlign":49},4,[603],{"text":604,"type":572},"Critical resources for the energy transition",{"type":567,"attrs":606,"content":607},{"textAlign":49},[608],{"text":609,"type":572},"Wind and e-mobility will be the fastest growing sources of demand for REPMs, which achieve propulsive force for turbines and car motors. ",{"type":567,"attrs":611,"content":612},{"textAlign":49},[613],{"text":614,"type":572},"E-mobility covers everything from light duty (LD) EVs to scooters and comprises around 30% of total REPMs demand today. Its share is due to grow to 60% by 2040, according to Benchmark forecasts. ",{"type":567,"attrs":616,"content":617},{"textAlign":49},[618],{"text":619,"type":572},"LD EVs will drive the bulk of demand growth from e-mobility. The industry’s consumption of REPMs is growing as EVs become more cost competitive and yearly unit sales rise in key markets around the world. ",{"type":567,"attrs":621,"content":622},{"textAlign":49},[623],{"text":624,"type":572},"The amount of rare earths used in each car is also climbing. Design trends are favouring vehicles with higher peak-power, demanding larger and more numerous REPMs.",{"type":567,"attrs":626,"content":627},{"textAlign":49},[628],{"text":629,"type":572},"“These design trends are compounding underlying very favourable demand numbers,” said de Jonge.",{"type":567,"attrs":631,"content":632},{"textAlign":49},[633],{"text":634,"type":572},"Further supporting optimistic demand forecasts is the longer and more fundamental shift towards a lower carbon global energy mix, something that should make wind power and EVs keystone sectors of the future. ",{"type":599,"attrs":636,"content":637},{"level":601,"textAlign":49},[638],{"text":639,"type":572},"The limits of efficiency and substitution",{"type":567,"attrs":641,"content":642},{"textAlign":49},[643],{"text":644,"type":572},"De Jonge acknowledged that unexpected breakthrough technologies could always steer demand away from rare earths.",{"type":567,"attrs":646,"content":647},{"textAlign":49},[648],{"text":649,"type":572},"Material efficiencies have already been achieved in certain parts of the industry. For example, a neodymium, iron & boron (NdFeB) magnet alloy with less than 4% dysprosium content today can offer the same performance as one with 10 to 11% ten years ago. ",{"type":567,"attrs":651,"content":652},{"textAlign":49},[653],{"text":654,"type":572},"Judging by current research trends, however, industry appears to be approaching a limit on reducing rare earth usage. This is because today’s REPMs have obtained such high efficiencies that removing the elements tends to weaken performance.",{"type":567,"attrs":656,"content":657},{"textAlign":49},[658],{"text":659,"type":572},"“At a certain point, you begin reaching a point of diminishing returns where it is not as easy to remove the last 2% as it was to remove the first 2%.”",{"type":567,"attrs":661,"content":662},{"textAlign":49},[663],{"text":664,"type":572},"Substitution for cheaper materials, or outright elimination in favour of alternative motor systems altogether, could also weaken rare earths demand. Again, de Jonge says this could bring unacceptable performance and efficiency costs. ",{"type":567,"attrs":666,"content":667},{"textAlign":49},[668],{"text":669,"type":572},"“If [an application] needs an efficient motor, it most likely consumes rare earths,” said de Jonge.",{"type":599,"attrs":671,"content":672},{"level":601,"textAlign":49},[673],{"text":674,"type":572},"Design choice can module demand growth rate",{"type":567,"attrs":676,"content":677},{"textAlign":49},[678],{"text":679,"type":572},"Despite overall growth forecasts, design choices in end applications can shape rare earths consumption patterns, according to de Jonge. ",{"type":567,"attrs":681,"content":682},{"textAlign":49},[683],{"text":684,"type":572},"A key example is how Chinese and European wind turbines have affected regional markets. China’s preference for hybrid turbine motors that operate at medium speed use less rare earths and have led to a drop in the country’s average yearly demand. ",{"type":567,"attrs":686,"content":687},{"textAlign":49},[688],{"text":689,"type":572},"The European wind industry by contrast favours what are known as direct driven permanent magnet synchronous turbines, particularly in offshore installations. Here, rare earths demand is growing much more rapidly than in China.",{"type":567,"attrs":691,"content":692},{"textAlign":49},[693],{"text":694,"type":572},"Design choices may alter the rate at which demand will increase without denting the overall forecast for growth. ",{"type":599,"attrs":696,"content":697},{"level":601,"textAlign":49},[698],{"text":699,"type":572},"China set to remain dominant supplier",{"type":567,"attrs":701,"content":702},{"textAlign":49},[703],{"text":704,"type":572},"De Jonge also noted that Chinese dominance in the rare earths supply chain will likely last out to 2030.",{"type":567,"attrs":706,"content":707},{"textAlign":49},[708],{"text":709,"type":572},"Currently, China holds almost the entire global capacity for rare earths processing and magnet-making, as well as a near-monopoly on the expertise needed to construct and run the supply chain. ",{"type":567,"attrs":711,"content":712},{"textAlign":49},[713],{"text":714,"type":572},"Despite its lead, the Chinese rare earths industry continues to expand. Its total year output in terms of mined material from 2018 is the same as the output in the first half of 2023. ",{"type":567,"attrs":716,"content":717},{"textAlign":49},[718],{"text":719,"type":572},"“This represents massive capability for growth,” said de Jonge of China. ",{"type":567,"attrs":721,"content":722},{"textAlign":49},[723],{"text":724,"type":572},"The picture is similar for processing. Chinese Northern, which operates the biggest rare earths mine in the world, recently announced plans to bolster rare earths oxides output by almost one third. ",{"type":567,"attrs":726,"content":727},{"textAlign":49},[728],{"text":729,"type":572},"The Chinese government’s quota system is a key mechanism for stimulating rare earths production. The latest target, which was issued in late September, increased China’s full-year mining target for 2023 by 14% over 2022. ",{"type":567,"attrs":731,"content":732},{"textAlign":49},[733,735,743],{"text":734,"type":572},"Combined with China’s cost advantages, the ",{"text":736,"type":572,"marks":737},"West will struggle",[738],{"type":739,"attrs":740},"link",{"href":741,"uuid":49,"anchor":49,"target":49,"linktype":742},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/asian-rare-earth-supply-uncertainties-strengthen-case-for-western-capacity","url",{"text":744,"type":572}," to replicate a similar scale of production. ",{"type":567,"attrs":746,"content":747},{"textAlign":49},[],"Rare earths demand will remain robust through to 2040 as the elements’ properties make them difficult to reduce or substitute without lowering performance in end use applications, according to Benchmark analyst Daan de Jonge. Neodymium, praseodymium, samarium, terbium, and dysprosium hold the highest market value of the 17 rare earths, used mainly as inputs for […]",[750],{"slug":555,"name":556,"content":751},{"job_title":558,"image":752,"bio":561,"linkedin":562},{"filename":560},"\u003C!--#storyblok#{\"name\": \"article\", \"space\": \"\", \"uid\": \"c952c5d7-6c4c-494e-a164-90ef74a477da\", \"id\": \"\"}-->","article",[756,759],{"slug":757,"name":758},"critical-minerals","Critical Minerals",{"slug":760,"name":414},"rare-earths","private",{"id":49,"alt":763,"name":764,"focus":764,"title":763,"source":764,"filename":765,"copyright":764,"fieldtype":766,"meta_data":767,"is_external_url":51},"Daan de Jonge speaking on a stage with a presentation slide behind him showing rare earths on the periodic table","","https://a.storyblok.com/f/287943243085208/dbc1cb07ac/bm-img-7257.jpg","asset",{"alt":763,"title":763,"source":764,"copyright":764},"Sep 27, 2023","27th September 2023",[],[],1780670071668]