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USA begins to develop its lithium ion supply chain strategy","the-usa-begins-to-develop-its-lithium-ion-supply-chain-strategy","article/the-usa-begins-to-develop-its-lithium-ion-supply-chain-strategy",{"_uid":557,"date":558,"tags":559,"editor":563,"content":573,"excerpt":718,"featured":50,"reporter":719,"_editable":723,"component":724,"seo_title":553,"categories":725,"visibility":732,"author_company":49,"featured_image":733,"seo_description":718,"author_full_name":49,"author_job_title":49,"formattedDate":738,"formattedArticleDate":739},"385fd474-f367-44c1-ac0a-9ff19567ef05","2021-06-22 00:00",[560],{"slug":561,"name":562},"usa","USA",[564],{"slug":565,"name":566,"content":567},"matthew-bird","Matthew Bird",{"job_title":568,"image":569,"bio":571,"linkedin":572},"Senior Editor - Supply Chains & Data Visualisation",{"filename":570},"https://a.storyblok.com/f/287943243085208/512x512/14738033ec/matthew-bird.jpeg","Matthew writes, edits and produces content for Benchmark Intelligence and Benchmark Source across the whole mine to grid supply chain. He also acts as a liaison to the press. He has a PhD in electrochemistry from the University of Nottingham.","https://www.linkedin.com/in/birdmatthew/",{"type":574,"content":575},"doc",[576,583,592,597,602,607,612,617,624,629,634,639,648,653,658,663,668,673,678,693,698,703,708,713],{"type":577,"attrs":578,"content":579},"paragraph",{"textAlign":49},[580],{"text":581,"type":582},"The US government has begun to develop a strategy for building its lithium ion economy this month with the delivery of the White House’s 100-day supply chain review and the publication of a national battery blueprint by the Federal Consortium for Advanced Batteries (FCAB).","text",{"type":577,"attrs":584,"content":585},{"textAlign":49},[586,588,590],{"text":587,"type":582},"Both documents, which utilise ",{"text":589,"type":582},"Benchmark ",{"text":591,"type":582},"data, set out the US government’s vision, recommendations, and action points for its domestic lithium ion battery supply chain – from the raw material through to component and final application.",{"type":577,"attrs":593,"content":594},{"textAlign":49},[595],{"text":596,"type":582},"The White House’s 100-day supply chain review recommends sourcing raw materials domestically where possible – noting the number of lithium deposits being developed in the USA – but also explains that “for battery materials where the United States does not have strong deposits suited for economic extraction, the best pathway to getting a stable material supply in the near-term is through allies and trading partners.”",{"type":577,"attrs":598,"content":599},{"textAlign":49},[600],{"text":601,"type":582},"The review also calls for investment to support the build out of downstream refining capacity for lithium, cobalt, and nickel explaining how for lithium “China’s domestic investment in this field has made them the world’s leader despite limited domestic lithium supply.”",{"type":577,"attrs":603,"content":604},{"textAlign":49},[605],{"text":606,"type":582},"For cobalt and nickel supply chains the main recommendations in the report were to build supply from secondary and unconventional sources – with particular emphasis on securing cobalt supply from recycled sources. The report also calls for the need for a national recycling policy.",{"type":577,"attrs":608,"content":609},{"textAlign":49},[610],{"text":611,"type":582},"The National Lithium Battery Blueprint – published by the FCAB, a consortium which includes the Department of Energy and other federal departments – echoes many of the recommendations outlined in the 100-day review and sets five goals with near-term and long-term objectives.",{"type":577,"attrs":613,"content":614},{"textAlign":49},[615],{"text":616,"type":582},"These objectives include securing raw material supply, supporting the growth of US processing capacity, stimulating electrode and cell sectors, building out recycling capacity and investing in R&D and workforce development.",{"type":618,"attrs":619,"content":621},"heading",{"level":620,"textAlign":49},4,[622],{"text":623,"type":582},"Cobalt and nickel conundrum",{"type":577,"attrs":625,"content":626},{"textAlign":49},[627],{"text":628,"type":582},"A notable long-term objective in the blueprint, which appeared under several action points, was the focus on supporting the development of cobalt- and nickel-free cathode materials.",{"type":577,"attrs":630,"content":631},{"textAlign":49},[632],{"text":633,"type":582},"Neither document neglects the need to establish a supply of nickel or cobalt – both suggest efforts to improve the USA’s supply chain through building out refining and recycling capacity. But clearly the US government its fearful of its long-term nickel and cobalt supply chain prospects.",{"type":577,"attrs":635,"content":636},{"textAlign":49},[637],{"text":638,"type":582},"While the US government is attempting to position itself for a future less reliant on nickel and cobalt, the coming decade will see the country’s requirements for these materials soar as NCM cathode demand ramps up.",{"type":577,"attrs":640,"content":641},{"textAlign":49},[642,644,646],{"text":643,"type":582},"The prevailing trend in the battery supply chain today is the move towards high nickel, low cobalt, cathode materials. At a cell level, this translates to higher nickel requirements at the expense of cobalt. However, ",{"text":645,"type":582},"Benchmark’s Cobalt Forecast",{"text":647,"type":582}," shows that global cobalt demand from the battery sector is set to triple between 2021 and 2030.",{"type":577,"attrs":649,"content":650},{"textAlign":49},[651],{"text":652,"type":582},"NCM (nickel cobalt manganese) and NCA (nickel cobalt aluminium) materials dominate the cathode market today – accounting for 55% of battery demand in 2020 according to Benchmark’s Lithium ion Battery Database. This dominance is set to grow further and by 2030 Benchmark is currently forecasting NCM and NCA materials to account for 76% of cathode demand.",{"type":618,"attrs":654,"content":655},{"level":620,"textAlign":49},[656],{"text":657,"type":582},"Behind in the race",{"type":577,"attrs":659,"content":660},{"textAlign":49},[661],{"text":662,"type":582},"The USA’s greatest success to date has been the buildout of its lithium ion cell capacity pipeline. According to May 2021 data from Benchmark’s Lithium ion Battery Megafactory Assessment, the country now has 12 megafactories with 410 GWh of capacity in the pipeline for 2030.",{"type":577,"attrs":664,"content":665},{"textAlign":49},[666],{"text":667,"type":582},"It is worth noting that no megafactory will operate at 100% utilisation rates and as such these figures should not be treated as a forecast of production, but rather an indication of how capacity will be built out.",{"type":577,"attrs":669,"content":670},{"textAlign":49},[671],{"text":672,"type":582},"The 410 GWh figure is also distorted by Tesla’s capacity in the pipeline for 2030, which accounts for almost two thirds of total US capacity in the pipeline.",{"type":577,"attrs":674,"content":675},{"textAlign":49},[676],{"text":677,"type":582},"Tesla, supported by Panasonic, has been at the forefront of building out the USA’s supply chain pipeline. This has been further supported by LG Energy Solution (LG Chem’s battery spinout) and SK Innovation have begun to add considerably to this.",{"type":577,"attrs":679,"content":680},{"textAlign":49},[681,683,691],{"text":682,"type":582},"As a consequence of this investment, led by the private sector, a number of ",{"text":684,"type":582,"marks":685},"electric vehicle and lithium ion hubs are emerging in the country",[686],{"type":687,"attrs":688},"link",{"href":689,"uuid":49,"anchor":49,"target":49,"linktype":690},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/global-battery-arms-race-the-usas-three-ev-to-battery-hubs-to-watch","url",{"text":692,"type":582},".",{"type":577,"attrs":694,"content":695},{"textAlign":49},[696],{"text":697,"type":582},"However, to date the USA’s supply chain success largely ends there.",{"type":577,"attrs":699,"content":700},{"textAlign":49},[701],{"text":702,"type":582},"The USA has minimal upstream capacity. From raw material extraction, refining and cathode and anode production the USA has cannot support its own lithium ion cell production ramp up or meet its growing domestic electric vehicle demand.",{"type":577,"attrs":704,"content":705},{"textAlign":49},[706],{"text":707,"type":582},"Speaking at Ford’s Dearborn plant in May, President Biden said: “Increasingly, the global market is shifting to electric vehicles  – tapping into EVs’ potential to save families thousands of dollars, lower carbon pollution, and make the air we breathe cleaner….Yet, despite pioneering the technology, the United States is behind in the race to manufacture these vehicles and the batteries that go in them.”",{"type":577,"attrs":709,"content":710},{"textAlign":49},[711],{"text":712,"type":582},"Electric vehicles and batteries are at the core of Biden’s American Jobs Plan and climate change targets – and as the quote above shows, his administration is aware of how far behind the US lags in the electric vehicle race.",{"type":577,"attrs":714,"content":715},{"textAlign":49},[716],{"text":717,"type":582},"Both the 100-day review and national blueprint show the USA is willing to take a more interventionist role in building out its lithium ion supply chain. If these efforts spur action, the USA’s battery and electric vehicle supply chain will look very different by the end of this decade.","The US government has begun to develop a strategy for building its lithium ion economy this month with the delivery of the White House’s 100-day supply chain review and the publication of a national battery blueprint by the Federal Consortium for Advanced Batteries (FCAB). Both documents, which utilise Benchmark data, set out the US government’s […]",[720],{"slug":565,"name":566,"content":721},{"job_title":568,"image":722,"bio":571,"linkedin":572},{"filename":570},"\u003C!--#storyblok#{\"name\": \"article\", \"space\": \"\", \"uid\": \"385fd474-f367-44c1-ac0a-9ff19567ef05\", \"id\": \"\"}-->","article",[726,729],{"slug":727,"name":728},"batteries","Batteries",{"slug":730,"name":731},"critical-minerals","Critical Minerals","private",{"id":49,"alt":734,"name":734,"focus":734,"title":734,"source":734,"filename":735,"copyright":734,"fieldtype":736,"meta_data":737,"is_external_url":51},"","https://a.storyblok.com/f/287943243085208/5f43c94a9b/bm-us-flag-auto.jpg","asset",{"alt":734,"title":734,"source":734,"copyright":734},"Jun 22, 2021","22nd June 2021",[],[],1792773933899]