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influence","uk-and-australian-developers-dominate-african-rare-earths-but-china-gains-influence","article/uk-and-australian-developers-dominate-african-rare-earths-but-china-gains-influence",{"_uid":547,"date":548,"tags":549,"editor":556,"content":566,"excerpt":750,"featured":51,"reporter":751,"_editable":755,"component":756,"seo_title":757,"categories":758,"visibility":767,"author_company":768,"featured_image":769,"seo_description":773,"author_full_name":768,"author_job_title":768,"formattedDate":774,"formattedArticleDate":775},"25f3b659-5740-4bcd-aa7e-9ca34e6abdaa","2024-09-19 00:00",[550,553],{"slug":551,"name":552},"africa","Africa",{"slug":554,"name":555},"wind","Wind",[557],{"slug":558,"name":559,"content":560},"matthew-bird","Matthew Bird",{"job_title":561,"image":562,"bio":564,"linkedin":565},"Senior Editor - Supply Chains & Data Visualisation",{"filename":563},"https://a.storyblok.com/f/287943243085208/512x512/14738033ec/matthew-bird.jpeg","Matthew writes, edits and produces content for Benchmark Intelligence and Benchmark Source across the whole mine to grid supply chain. He also acts as a liaison to the press. He has a PhD in electrochemistry from the University of Nottingham.","https://www.linkedin.com/in/birdmatthew/",{"type":567,"content":568},"doc",[569,576,591,596,617,622,635,638,643,648,655,660,665,670,675,680,685,690,695,700,705,710,715,720,725,730,735,740,745],{"type":570,"attrs":571,"content":572},"paragraph",{"textAlign":49},[573],{"text":574,"type":575},"UK and Australian companies own all of Africa’s rare earths projects, a stand-out exception in a supply chain overwhelmingly dominated by China at a global level.","text",{"type":570,"attrs":577,"content":578},{"textAlign":49},[579,581,589],{"text":580,"type":575},"All eight planned rare earths mines in Africa are majority-owned by either Australian or UK firms, according to ",{"text":582,"type":575,"marks":583},"Benchmark’s Rare Earths Forecast",[584],{"type":585,"attrs":586},"link",{"href":587,"uuid":49,"anchor":49,"target":49,"linktype":588},"https://www.benchmarkminerals.com/rare-earths/portal/","url",{"text":590,"type":575},", with the projects expected to start going online from 2026.",{"type":570,"attrs":592,"content":593},{"textAlign":49},[594],{"text":595,"type":575},"This regional pocket of Western dominance lies in contrast to China’s leading role as a rare earths supplier globally, forecast to produce 46% mined praseodymium-neodymium (PrNd) and 72% of total processed PrNd in 2030.",{"type":570,"attrs":597,"content":598},{"textAlign":49},[599,601,607,609,615],{"text":600,"type":575},"The Western presence in African rare earths is also striking when compared against China’s dominance in the continent’s other critical minerals sectors, with Chinese companies majority-owning 67% and 55% of 2030 ",{"text":602,"type":575,"marks":603},"forecast mined lithium",[604],{"type":585,"attrs":605},{"href":606,"uuid":49,"anchor":49,"target":49,"linktype":588},"https://www.benchmarkminerals.com/lithium/portal/",{"text":608,"type":575}," and ",{"text":610,"type":575,"marks":611},"cobalt supply",[612],{"type":585,"attrs":613},{"href":614,"uuid":49,"anchor":49,"target":49,"linktype":588},"https://www.benchmarkminerals.com/cobalt/portal/",{"text":616,"type":575}," respectively.",{"type":570,"attrs":618,"content":619},{"textAlign":49},[620],{"text":621,"type":575},"Africa’s low capital expenditure and operating costs have been the main draw for Western players.",{"type":570,"attrs":623,"content":624},{"textAlign":49},[625,627,633],{"text":626,"type":575},"“African capital requirement for rare earths is less than other ex-China regions although it is difficult to say for certain that they are lower than in China,” said senior Benchmark analyst ",{"text":628,"type":575,"marks":629},"Neha Mukherjee",[630],{"type":585,"attrs":631},{"href":632,"uuid":49,"anchor":49,"target":49,"linktype":588},"mailto:nmukherjee@benchmarkminerals.com",{"text":634,"type":575},".",{"type":570,"attrs":636,"content":637},{"textAlign":49},[],{"type":570,"attrs":639,"content":640},{"textAlign":49},[641],{"text":642,"type":575},"Yet Western ownership of a mine does not guarantee its output will end up in Western value chains. Just 12-13% of African rare earths mine output in 2030 is tied up in supply agreements with European processors while in Tanzania, Chinese influence in the sector is growing through offtakes and ownership shares.",{"type":570,"attrs":644,"content":645},{"textAlign":49},[646],{"text":647,"type":575},"Rare earths hold applications in wind turbines, EV motors, and certain advanced military equipment. They are classified as critical minerals both in the EU and US. ",{"type":649,"attrs":650,"content":652},"heading",{"level":651,"textAlign":49},4,[653],{"text":654,"type":575},"African supply holds strategic potential for West",{"type":570,"attrs":656,"content":657},{"textAlign":49},[658],{"text":659,"type":575},"With Africa forecast to make up 10% of global ex-China PrNd supply by 2030, its low cost environment offers one of very few routes to Western supply security at current weak prices.",{"type":570,"attrs":661,"content":662},{"textAlign":49},[663],{"text":664,"type":575},"Western countries are heavily reliant on China for every product along the rare earths value chain, exposing strategic industries to export bans and other supply disruptions. ",{"type":570,"attrs":666,"content":667},{"textAlign":49},[668],{"text":669,"type":575},"However, it is proving difficult to reduce this reliance by expanding mined capacity in North America, Europe, or Australia. As well as higher operating and capital costs outside China, oversupply from Chinese mines have depressed prices since 2022, leaving a question mark over many ex-China project timelines.",{"type":649,"attrs":671,"content":672},{"level":651,"textAlign":49},[673],{"text":674,"type":575},"Why are Western miners dominant in African rare earths?",{"type":570,"attrs":676,"content":677},{"textAlign":49},[678],{"text":679,"type":575},"Economic and geological realities explain why Western ownership predominates in the African rare earths sector.",{"type":570,"attrs":681,"content":682},{"textAlign":49},[683],{"text":684,"type":575},"Africa is one of the few ex-China regions where low operating and capital cost could allow Western companies to compete against cost-efficient, scaled Chinese suppliers with high market share.",{"type":570,"attrs":686,"content":687},{"textAlign":49},[688],{"text":689,"type":575},"“We can definitely say that capital expenditure in Africa is lesser compared to the rest of world ex-China,” said Mukherjee. “Given the current price conditions and complicated process flow sheets of the Rare Earths Market, investors are attracted to projects with lower Capital requirements.”",{"type":570,"attrs":691,"content":692},{"textAlign":49},[693],{"text":694,"type":575},"One factor driving down capital costs in Africa is easier mining and environmental licensing, transportation, and infrastructure building due to government support for the sector. These are the same factors that drive up costs in Europe and make mined capacity expansions there more challenging.",{"type":570,"attrs":696,"content":697},{"textAlign":49},[698],{"text":699,"type":575},"Western dominance also results from Chinese rare earths companies largely staying away from the continent. China has less incentive to invest in African rare earths mining because it already has significant amounts of cost-effective domestic supply, the result of two decades-worth of targeted industrial policies.",{"type":570,"attrs":701,"content":702},{"textAlign":49},[703],{"text":704,"type":575},"Chinese rare earth processors are also flush with imported ores, including from neighbouring Myanmar, where mines are mainly owned by Chinese firms. China’s rare earth industry also supplements domestic ores with supply from Thailand, the US, and Vietnam.",{"type":649,"attrs":706,"content":707},{"level":651,"textAlign":49},[708],{"text":709,"type":575},"China gains influence",{"type":570,"attrs":711,"content":712},{"textAlign":49},[713],{"text":714,"type":575},"At the same time, the size of China’s rare earths processing industry makes it difficult for Western miners in Africa to ignore the market altogether.",{"type":570,"attrs":716,"content":717},{"textAlign":49},[718],{"text":719,"type":575},"China is set to remain the world’s largest rare earths processor by 2030 at 72% of total PrNd oxide supply, offering mine developers a large, stable source of demand that Europe and the US still cannot. ",{"type":570,"attrs":721,"content":722},{"textAlign":49},[723],{"text":724,"type":575},"The draw of China for Western developers is clearest in Tanzania, home to two rare earth mines, Wigu Hill and Ngualla. ",{"type":570,"attrs":726,"content":727},{"textAlign":49},[728],{"text":729,"type":575},"In October 2023, Wigu Hill’s Australian owner Vital Metals signed to give Chinese processor Shenghe Resources a 50% interest in the mine after Vital’s processing business went bankrupt.",{"type":570,"attrs":731,"content":732},{"textAlign":49},[733],{"text":734,"type":575},"In the same year, Shenghe also entered an offtake with the owner of the Ngualla mine, Peak Rare Earths. Executive chairman Russell Scrimshaw said the project would have been delayed without the deal since processing capacity elsewhere remains so limited.",{"type":570,"attrs":736,"content":737},{"textAlign":49},[738],{"text":739,"type":575},"Shenghe’s involvement has meant that Tanzania has become the only African country forecast to send 100% of its rare earths output to China. ",{"type":570,"attrs":741,"content":742},{"textAlign":49},[743],{"text":744,"type":575},"The lack of supply agreements between Western processors and Western miners in Africa shows the gap between US and European public policy, which aims to reduce Chinese dependence, and the financial goals of mine developers, which remain wedded to the Chinese market by virtue of its size. ",{"type":570,"attrs":746,"content":747},{"textAlign":49},[748],{"text":749,"type":575},"Closing the gap would require the downstream and upstream parts of the ex-China rare earth value chain to expand simultaneously, something that would require a combination of greater government incentives and higher prices. ","UK and Australian companies own all of Africa’s rare earths projects, a stand-out exception in a supply chain overwhelmingly dominated by China at a global level. All eight planned rare earths mines in Africa are majority-owned by either Australian or UK firms, according to Benchmark’s Rare Earths Forecast, with the projects expected to start going […]",[752],{"slug":558,"name":559,"content":753},{"job_title":561,"image":754,"bio":564,"linkedin":565},{"filename":563},"\u003C!--#storyblok#{\"name\": \"article\", \"space\": \"\", \"uid\": \"25f3b659-5740-4bcd-aa7e-9ca34e6abdaa\", \"id\": \"\"}-->","article","UK and Australian developers dominate African rare earths ..",[759,762,765],{"slug":760,"name":761},"critical-minerals","Critical Minerals",{"slug":763,"name":764},"geopolitics","Geopolitics",{"slug":766,"name":414},"rare-earths","private","",{"id":49,"alt":768,"name":768,"focus":768,"title":768,"source":768,"filename":770,"copyright":768,"fieldtype":771,"meta_data":772,"is_external_url":51},"https://wp-admin.benchmarkminerals.com/app/uploads/africa-scaled.jpg","asset",{"alt":768,"title":768,"source":768,"copyright":768},"UK and Australian companies own all of Africa’s rare earths projects, a stand-out exception in a supply chain overwhelmingly dominated by China at a global level. All eight planned rare earths mines in Africa are...","Sep 19, 2024","19th September 2024",[],[],1783441505353]