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Mid-Nickel",103.5,99.73,3.78,13.78,6.78,[518,519,520,522,524,526,528,530,532,534,536,538],{"date":213,"value":512},{"date":216,"value":513},{"date":219,"value":521},99.19,{"date":222,"value":523},96.02,{"date":225,"value":525},98.23,{"date":467,"value":527},99.24,{"date":329,"value":529},101.29,{"date":339,"value":531},87.61,{"date":341,"value":533},92.44,{"date":344,"value":535},90.96,{"date":347,"value":537},92.24,{"date":350,"value":539},95.09,{"id":541,"uuid":542,"name":543,"slug":544,"full_slug":545,"content":546,"relatedArticles":751,"relatedVideos":752},112472830082563,"204f6595-ba92-47c9-8c85-53f9504a10d9","What does Europe need to meet EU battery recycling targets?","what-does-europe-need-to-meet-eu-battery-recycling-targets","article/what-does-europe-need-to-meet-eu-battery-recycling-targets",{"_uid":547,"date":548,"tags":549,"editor":559,"content":569,"excerpt":729,"featured":51,"reporter":730,"_editable":734,"component":735,"seo_title":543,"categories":736,"visibility":743,"author_company":49,"featured_image":744,"seo_description":729,"author_full_name":49,"author_job_title":49,"formattedDate":749,"formattedArticleDate":750},"f044fd84-d73f-4980-89ba-ddb01675e040","2022-04-14 00:00",[550,553,556],{"slug":551,"name":552},"data-visualisation","Data Visualisation",{"slug":554,"name":555},"europe","Europe",{"slug":557,"name":558},"european-union","European Union",[560],{"slug":561,"name":562,"content":563},"didi-bostock","Didi Bostock",{"job_title":564,"image":565,"bio":567,"linkedin":568},"Editor - Energy Transition & Economics",{"filename":566},"https://a.storyblok.com/f/287943243085208/512x512/2c5ca5c1a3/didi-bostock.jpeg","Didi is the Energy Transition & Economics Editor at Benchmark, covering a broad range of markets across the energy transition. His remit spans from downstream sectors such as BESS and EVs, through to midstream such as new technologies and battery production, to upstream critical minerals mining. He also leads on financial analysis across these supply chains, alongside in-depth policy analysis.\n","https://www.linkedin.com/in/didi-bostock-656342198/",{"type":570,"content":571},"doc",[572,579,584,589,594,599,604,611,616,621,626,629,634,639,644,649,654,659,664,669,674,679,684,689,694,699,704,709,714],{"type":573,"attrs":574,"content":575},"paragraph",{"textAlign":49},[576],{"text":577,"type":578},"The European Union’s proposed battery recycling targets could require a more than thirty-fold increase in recycled lithium supply from Europe by the end of the decade, according to Benchmark’s analysis.","text",{"type":573,"attrs":580,"content":581},{"textAlign":49},[582],{"text":583,"type":578},"That could leave battery producers struggling to meet the EU legislation with recycled materials produced at home, forcing them to turn to suppliers outside of the region.",{"type":573,"attrs":585,"content":586},{"textAlign":49},[587],{"text":588,"type":578},"The EU legislation, which is under discussion in Brussels, would require lithium ion batteries to use a mandated amount of recycled material by 2030 and 2035. The proposed regulation forms part of the EU’s Green Deal and will “promote the development of sustainable and safe battery production chains throughout their life cycle and create a level playing field on the internal market,” according to the Council of the EU.",{"type":573,"attrs":590,"content":591},{"textAlign":49},[592],{"text":593,"type":578},"The new regulations propose that by 2030, the recycled content of cobalt, nickel, and lithium in lithium ion cells should account for a minimum of 12%, 4%, and 4% of the total used, respectively. This will rise to 20%, 12%, and 10% by 2035.",{"type":573,"attrs":595,"content":596},{"textAlign":49},[597],{"text":598,"type":578},"The proposals have divided the industry, with some worrying it will apply too much pressure on battery producers in Europe who already have to compete against larger and more established Chinese rivals to secure raw materials. In addition, the legislation could benefit suppliers of recycled materials outside of the region who have more experience.",{"type":573,"attrs":600,"content":601},{"textAlign":49},[602],{"text":603,"type":578},"Automaker BMW said last year the targets were “required and achievable” but Swedish battery producer Northvolt has said the mandatory recycling targets risked “hampering the growth of battery production and hence the overall electrification in society.” Umicore, Europe’s largest recycler, told Benchmark there should be a greater focus on the quality of recycling rather than just the quantity.",{"type":605,"attrs":606,"content":608},"heading",{"level":607,"textAlign":49},4,[609],{"text":610,"type":578},"EU SELF-SUFFICIENCY",{"type":573,"attrs":612,"content":613},{"textAlign":49},[614],{"text":615,"type":578},"If the targets are met from within the EU they could significantly improve Europe’s self-sufficiency in battery materials. Europe is set to account for almost 30% of global battery cell demand by 2030 whereas Benchmark forecasts Europe (excluding Russia) will only mine 6% and 0.5% of global lithium and cobalt, and produce 7% of refined nickel.",{"type":573,"attrs":617,"content":618},{"textAlign":49},[619],{"text":620,"type":578},"The bloc’s 2035 recycled lithium target would be 126 times the lithium produced from recycled sources in Europe in 2021. If it all comes from within the EU, it will almost equal the 115,000 tonnes of mined lithium supply Benchmark forecasts will be produced on the continent in 2035.",{"type":573,"attrs":622,"content":623},{"textAlign":49},[624],{"text":625,"type":578},"Still, meeting the targets will be a challenge. European battery cell demand is forecast to rise from 85 gigawatt hours in 2021 to over 700 GWh in 2030, rising to nearly 1.5 TWh by 2035 according to Benchmark’s Lithium ion Battery Database. To meet this demand and conform to the regulation’s minimum targets will require over 100,000 tonnes of recycled lithium, 94,000 tonnes of recycled nickel, and 24,000 tonnes of recycled cobalt in 2035.",{"type":573,"attrs":627,"content":628},{"textAlign":49},[],{"type":573,"attrs":630,"content":631},{"textAlign":49},[632],{"text":633,"type":578},"That will require a significant build-out of recycling capacity in the EU, especially the technologies that target lithium recovery.",{"type":605,"attrs":635,"content":636},{"level":607,"textAlign":49},[637],{"text":638,"type":578},"LOST LITHIUM",{"type":573,"attrs":640,"content":641},{"textAlign":49},[642],{"text":643,"type":578},"The European Parliamentary Research Service notes that “almost no lithium is recovered in the EU because it is deemed not cost-effective compared with primary supplies.”",{"type":573,"attrs":645,"content":646},{"textAlign":49},[647],{"text":648,"type":578},"This could change, however, with higher lithium prices and improvements from newer and more efficient recycling techniques.",{"type":573,"attrs":650,"content":651},{"textAlign":49},[652],{"text":653,"type":578},"The regulations lay out requirements for improving the efficiency of the recycling process. Recycling lithium ion batteries under the new legislation should be 70% efficient by 2030. This is broken down further into targets for the recovery of specific metals: 95% recovery efficiency for cobalt and nickel, and 70% recovery efficiency for lithium.",{"type":573,"attrs":655,"content":656},{"textAlign":49},[657],{"text":658,"type":578},"However, Umicore told Benchmark that there should be a focus on the quality of the recycling, not only the quantity. The recycled materials needed to be high enough quality to be reused in a battery cell, it said.",{"type":573,"attrs":660,"content":661},{"textAlign":49},[662],{"text":663,"type":578},"“Umicore’s recycling process is developed with the aim to produce high-quality ‘battery-grade’ end-products, which are indistinguishable from the fine chemicals produced from virgin raw materials and which can be re-used in the production of new lithium-ion batteries,” it said.",{"type":605,"attrs":665,"content":666},{"level":607,"textAlign":49},[667],{"text":668,"type":578},"BURNING BATTERY WASTE",{"type":573,"attrs":670,"content":671},{"textAlign":49},[672],{"text":673,"type":578},"Cobalt and nickel recycling has historically been more cost-effective than lithium recycling as those metals are easier to extract using pyrometallurgical techniques, which involves burning batteries in a furnace.",{"type":573,"attrs":675,"content":676},{"textAlign":49},[677],{"text":678,"type":578},"The technology is mature as similar processes are already in use by refining companies to process metal ores, according to Benchmark analyst Luke Sweeney.",{"type":573,"attrs":680,"content":681},{"textAlign":49},[682],{"text":683,"type":578},"However, lithium is lost in the waste slag along with aluminium. Some companies, such as Umicore, combine pyrometallurgy with hydrometallurgical processes that produce lithium carbonate, but many do not. Recyclers cannot continue to use pyrometallurgical processes else “we will permanently lose a lot of critical materials,” Sweeney said.",{"type":605,"attrs":685,"content":686},{"level":607,"textAlign":49},[687],{"text":688,"type":578},"BATTERY COLLECTION",{"type":573,"attrs":690,"content":691},{"textAlign":49},[692],{"text":693,"type":578},"Despite rapid growth of the European EV market the regulations also do not include specific targets for the collection of end-of-life EV batteries.",{"type":573,"attrs":695,"content":696},{"textAlign":49},[697],{"text":698,"type":578},"For the regulations to succeed in helping secure supply chains, it is important that Europe doesn’t lose its recycling inputs to other regions, according to Sweeney. There is “nothing to stop larger companies collecting these resources and exporting elsewhere,” he said.",{"type":573,"attrs":700,"content":701},{"textAlign":49},[702],{"text":703,"type":578},"Emma Nehrenheim, chief environmental officer at Northvolt, said hazardous waste was being exported from the EU, including batteries and electronic scrap.",{"type":573,"attrs":705,"content":706},{"textAlign":49},[707],{"text":708,"type":578},"“I’m a little bit concerned by what I see,” she told Benchmark. “There’s a slight part of me that is worried about material slipping to Asia, where you can pick and choose among the material and where you might not have to recycle everything. It should not be allowed to export hazardous waste out of Europe.”",{"type":573,"attrs":710,"content":711},{"textAlign":49},[712],{"text":713,"type":578},"Last year the Korean recycler Sungeel Hitech opened a battery recycling plant in Hungary. However, the facility shreds end-of-life batteries before exporting the scrap to South Korea to be processed.",{"type":573,"attrs":715,"content":716},{"textAlign":49},[717,719,727],{"text":718,"type":578},"Europe will need to invest in its own recycling infrastructure so that it can process the increasing amount of end-of-life batteries it will generate. Until this capacity is operational, non-European recyclers such as ",{"text":720,"type":578,"marks":721},"GEM Co. in China",[722],{"type":723,"attrs":724},"link",{"href":725,"uuid":49,"anchor":49,"target":49,"linktype":726},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/chinas-gem-co-eyes-move-into-europes-battery-recycling-market","url",{"text":728,"type":578}," may have an advantage in helping EU battery producers meet the recycling targets.","The European Union’s proposed battery recycling targets could require a more than thirty-fold increase in recycled lithium supply from Europe by the end of the decade, according to Benchmark’s analysis. That could leave battery producers struggling to meet the EU legislation with recycled materials produced at home, forcing them to turn to suppliers outside of […]",[731],{"slug":561,"name":562,"content":732},{"job_title":564,"image":733,"bio":567,"linkedin":568},{"filename":566},"\u003C!--#storyblok#{\"name\": \"article\", \"space\": \"\", \"uid\": \"f044fd84-d73f-4980-89ba-ddb01675e040\", \"id\": \"\"}-->","article",[737,740],{"slug":738,"name":739},"recycling","Recycling",{"slug":741,"name":742},"sustainability","Sustainability","private",{"id":49,"alt":745,"name":745,"focus":745,"title":745,"source":745,"filename":746,"copyright":745,"fieldtype":747,"meta_data":748,"is_external_url":51},"","https://a.storyblok.com/f/287943243085208/c71059049a/bm-european-commission-flags-e1649948622413.jpg","asset",{"alt":745,"title":745,"source":745,"copyright":745},"Apr 14, 2022","14th April 2022",[],[],1782922367209]